A Human Is A Complex Organism

Human beings are complex and special organisms as there is a complex organisation of cells in the human body. The organisation in the human body is summarised as follows: Cells—> Tissues—> Organs—> Systems—> Organism.The same type of cells which carry out a specific function are organised into a tissue. For example, a group of nerve cells form a nerve tissue. They are organised to work together to perform specific functions as the result of cells in the human body do not work individually.An organ is a group of tissue that cooperates to carry out a specific life process. For examples, epithelial tissues form blood vessels. Several organs are organised into a system.Each system consist of several organs which are organised to carry out life processes such as respiration, reproduction and digestion.Various systems in the human body are well organised to carry out all the life processes efficiently. They are able to function because the cellular components wo rk together to ensure the survival of human beings.The human brain is well developed to integrate information's and store them as memory. This allows human beings to have the ability to talk, think rationally, create new things, learn from experience and use languages. The ability to do all these makes us really special compared to other organism.Water is driven into the tanks to raise density and allow the submarine to sink and it also pumped out to reduce density and hence allow the submarine to float. The tanks can be filled with water and air, which allows the submarine to sink or rise in the water. When a submarine is floating, its ballast tanks are filled with air, which makes it less dense than the sea water it displaces hence allowing it to float. Submarines sink when water is let into the ballast tank. This is because the submarine's density becomes greater than that of the surrounding water, resulting in negative buoyancy and causing it to sink.

Premier Fitness Ethics Assignment

Ethics Assignment Premier Fitness The actions in question regarding Premier Fitness Clubs were proven to be misleading and in violation of the competition act as well as the basic consumerism trend that has aimed to empower consumers and increase their rights. In their quest to meet the firm’s profit oriented objectives, objectives of being economically usefull, and to earn enough profit to survive, Premier Fitness seemingly decided that they could forgo the objective of being socially useful. Misleading/false advertising and marketing was employed that drastically reduced or eliminated social usefulness by underhandedly convincing customers to enter contracts with the fitness club that resulted in materially higher fees, undisclosed costs, and high total net costs than the advertising would lead their customers to believe. Information was not adequately disclosed to portray the true costs associated with gym membership and cancellation of membership was found to be excessively difficult. Premier Fitness also was found to be withdrawing money from cancelled customer accounts which is also unethical behavior on their part. It is ironic that focusing on profit oriented objectives and the resulting unethical activity lead to the payment of a $200,000 fine by Premier Fitness for their unethical actions. Social usefulness was sacrificed by producing misleading advertisements that would lead customers to come to incorrect conclusions regarding total fees. This action violates the competition act and gave Premier Fitness and unethical advantage over their direct competition in the competitive business of fitness establishments. The competition act is structured to limit monopolistic behavior that could be damaging to smaller competitors and protect consumers, and by violating it, Premier Fitness could have negatively affected the competition in an unethical fashion as well as harmed consumers who ended up suffering greater financial losses than they had expected based on the advertising that they would have thought they fully understood. Premier Fitness’ false/misleading advertising and marketing would have left customers to believe that Premier Fitness was giving lower prices than the competition, which was not necessarily the case. Customers would therefore wrongly choose Premier Fitness’ services over those of the competition based on the superior price-point that Superior Fitness was seemingly offering. The result is that Premier Fitness’ acts harmed both the customers themselves as well as the competition that was advertising in a more ethical manor and losing business to Premier because of it. Advertising produced by Premier Fitness was misleading in that it violated many of the ‘do’s and don’ts’ of advertising. For example, using of fine print that was excessively small and possibly not legible. The impression created by the ad was much different than what the fine print conveyed. Also, not all material information was disclosed in all advertising, as some information was strategically left out of some advertisements. Premier’s misleading advertising and fine-print resulted in the charging of higher prices when multiple prices were appearing on their advertised product. With the misleading nature of the advertisements, customers were seemingly charged above the advertised price. The result of legal actions taken against Premier Fitness has undoubtedly affected their reputation considerably. Wide-spread negative publicity toward the company has unquestionably had a negative impact on the company’s operations. Websites designed to promote consumerism are a breeding grounds for the spreading of negative publicity towards unethical business operation. Although Premier continues to operate and has been in business for many years, it is conceivable that their reputation has been tarnished in a way that offsets any financial gains obtained through their unethical actions. Lost business due to poor reputation could easily have negatively impacted their financial objectives far more than gains achieved through misleading and false advertising. In order to fully recover from the negative effects on reputation that this incident has caused, Premier Fitness may benefit from re-aligning its objectives towards more of a customer oriented focus. Its marketing objectives must also be evaluation in order to be in line with such changes in the focus of the company objectives since marketing objectives often go hand-in-hand with company objectives. It is clear by the results observed in this case that Premier Fitness should have paid closer attention to the legal environment. Closer attention would have yielded the knowledge and understanding of the laws that inevitably were broken and could have guided Premier in a more ethical direction that would have bypassed the requirement for legal action and all the following negative publicity and financial ramifications that have haunted Premier Fitness thereafter.

Learning Team Reflection Essay

There are several factors to consider when contemplating a potential lawsuit or settlement. As a person who is not trained in the law, it is important to seek counsel before making any decisions. Counsel can provide professional guidance in a field that a victim may be unfamiliar with. To attempt to navigate though the legal system without professional help would be confusing and frustrating. There are alternatives to litigation that some people may not be aware of. A professional in the law can give guidance and perspective as to which is the best route to take. One must consider the time involved in litigation. Cheeseman (2010) stated, â€Å"A trial can last less than one day to many months, depending on the type and complexity of the case† (p. 41). Also, a consideration must be the costs involved. It can be extremely costly to obtain counsel, although it may be wise to invest in legal representation. Counsel will be able to provide you the statue of limitations so that you know how long you are eligible to seek damages. Additionally, counsel will provide you realistic picture of the benefits and/or risks of going to trial or settling. Counsel would be able to explain the intricacies regarding a trial and provide a relative timeframe. Most people are unaware of the details and involvement of going to trial. In many cases it is in the best interest of both the injured party and the accused to seek a resolution outside of court. According to Cheeseman (2010), â€Å"More than 95 percent of all cases are settled before they go to trial† (p. 40). A victim may feel compelled to go to court, when counsel may know that a trial may not provide a favorable outcome. Counsel would need to be available as already discussed to decide whether litigation is the way to go. Once the decision had been made to pursue the issue legally, the appropriate legal representation would have to be found. The type of counsel would depend on the type of case. There are several specialties in law and finding the best person to represent you is crucial. You would not ask a lawyer that specializes in real estate to represent you in a wrongful death suit. If possible, legal representation should be made available before the decision to seek legal action is decided on. A lawyer is there to provide professional advice, but they cannot force you to make a decision one way or the other. Two main intentional torts that should seek council especially if there were bodily injury to the person or persons are assault and battery. Cheeseman (2010) stated, â€Å"Assault is (1) the threat of immediate harm or offensive contact or (2) any action that arouses reasonable apprehensio n of imminent harm† (p. 75). The threat to the life of an individual or offensive contact are two very good reasons to seek counsel for either monetary charges such as paying medical bills from the harmful contact or seeking restraining orders to prevent such contact form occurring. Cheeseman (2010) stated, â€Å"Battery is unauthorized and harmful or offensive physical contact with another person that causes injury. Basically, the interest protected here is each person’s reasonable sense of dignity and safety† (p 75). The other tort situation that should seek legal counsel are strict or product liability cases. Cheeseman (2010) stated, â€Å"That is, a participant in a covered activity will be held liable for any injuries caused by the activity, even if he or she was not negligent† (p. 89). To clarify further Cheeseman (2010) stated, â€Å"This doctrine holds that (1) there are certain activities that can place the public at risk of injury even if reasonable care is taken and (2) the public should have some means of compensation if such injury occurs† (p. 89). These cases either involve wrongdoing to the individual that usually ends in harm or death. If a product malfunctions which hurts the consumer or shorts out and the consumer dies are both reasons legal counsel should be involved. Again, legal counsel should specialize in the area that you need representing and the monetary costs of acquiring counsel should be researched before hiring them to represent your case. Seeking legal council is prudent in helping a victim understand their choices. There are situations when there is not enough evidence or legal grounds for any form of legal action, and legal council can provide that information. The proper and professional legal guidance can help a victim recover losses and damages. References: Cheeseman, H. R. (2010). Business law: Legal environment, online commerce, business ethics, and international issues (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Pavane Should consider one of the most important dance in China Essay

Pavane Should consider one of the most important dance in China - Essay Example Though fast and moderately fast songs originally accompanied it, the dance can also be used for slow songs (Brown 1). The songs are based on the performance skills of the dancer. Through the attire adopted in the dance, it appears unique and very interesting. In demonstrating the importance of the pavane dance, a broad perspective on the dance will be considered as well as Yang Liping’s dance will be analyzed. It is therefore important that pavane dance should be given much importance in the dance department in China. Pavane is a dance that provides an intergenerational connection. Based on its history, the dance has a very important historical and cultural importance. Used by the French and Italy, it was adopted by the entire Europe and later spread across the world. China through its award-winning artists such as Yang Liping have presented this form of dance in their various presentations. In the historical context, the dance involved backward and forward movements in steps. The dancers would also sway side by side, as they raised their feet in a systematic manner. In addition, the dancers were in pairs as opposed to the current scenario where there can be a single dancer (Brown 5). This dance provides a very good basis of understanding the European culture since it basically relates closely to their ceremonies such as weddings. Yang Liping presents the dance in a spectacular way that makes attractive and worth considering in the Chinese Dance department. The dance is presented in a slow-motion manner with systematic body steps being made by Liping (You Tube 1). In addition, she uses only particular body parts in the dance as an expression of its composition. The dance goes very well with a slow song. Liping is able to capture the attention of the viewers since the steps and body movements made cannot be easily predicted. The dance is quite entertaining based on the use of diverse movements in the dance. On the other hand, her

Obamacare. The Achievements of Our Founding Fathers Essay

Obamacare. The Achievements of Our Founding Fathers - Essay Example Discussion Before we embark further into the debate, it is important to learn, understand, and recall the achievements of our founding Fathers and the knowledge and experience that inspired them to establish this nature and type of government. It also important to understand and recall the origins and characters of the United States constitution and the structure of government and the rights and privileges of citizenship that is inherent in the constitution. The American constitution was drafted and promulgated in 1787.1 The early framers and formulators of the United States constitution had experienced dark and hard times under the previous despotic central government system that was dominated by tyranny and oppression. In view of the above, they devised and entrenched a system of government into the constitution that was divided with each having a clear cut jurisdiction and mandate. The framers of the constitution were keen to divide the power of the government through the constitu tion; a three tier system of government structure was established.2 United States constitution created the federal system of government in which power was shared between the federal government and the state governments. It is important to note that the power sharing structure deviates from the centralized government structure that is present in United Kingdom in which the national government maintains and controls power. Free government as proposed and understood by the founders of the nation was to restrict and structure the powers of the government with a view of securing and articulating rights in the declaration of independence, preventing tyranny, and preserving liberty. In order to achieve the above aspirations, the remedy was the creation of a strong, energetic government that had limited authority. Consequently, the powers of the government were enumerated in a written constitution, separated into different functions, responsibilities, and were further divided into the power s of federal/national government and state governments.2 The three forms of government that have been established under the United States Constitution include a federal government with three independent branches: executive, legislative and judiciary.1 The powers and functions of the above branches of the federal government are outlined in the constitution and further specified and delineated through laws that are enacted by the constitution. It is important to understand the circumstances and the reasons that led to the drafting and formulation of the constitution in relation to the functions of the government as regards its citizens. The constitution was drafted at a time when majority of Americans were expressing resentment and distrust in the central government that was authoritarian and tyrant in nature. The problem of a strong and autocratic government was further compounded by the overlapping ideas and rivalry of different states. The role of the United States constitution was , therefore, to limit the power of government over the individual, and the debate has ensued on how far such power may be extended. Initially, all the states in America had their own national congress and continental army, and they controlled their fiscal and political sovereignty.3 The drafters created,

The difference between how we viewed war movies in 60's and war movies Term Paper - 1

The difference between how we viewed war movies in 60's and war movies in 70's - Term Paper Example War movies were critical reflections of the logic of the cold war, and in the 1960s, they were something that the society demanded1. In the 1970s, war movies were a nuisance, and considered the government’s propaganda to justify the nation’s stay in Vietnam. The negative attitude towards war movies during this period was due to the actions of American soldiers in Vietnam as aired by television networks2. The change of attitude altered the production structure of American wars, and this formed the basic difference between war movies of the 1960s, and of the 1970s. This paper is a discussion about the difference in the perception of war movies between 1960 and 1980. War movies during this era had action oriented plots and were characterized by historical recreations of war related events, or major battles, and POW camp escapes and experiences. They also included espionage or spy tales, biopics of important war figures, submarine warfare, personal heroism, air dogfights, resistance movements, brutalities showing war as hell, tough trench experiences, veterans returning home, and pre-war intrigue. The films explored themes such as the effects war on the society, combat, studies of inhumanity and futility of battle, escape and survivor stories, intelligent explorations of human issues and morality, and stories of courageous sacrifice and fight back3. 1960s war movies were stories about the cold war. They were stories of American power, pride, and might. The movies represented Americans’ will to fight for what they believe was right. Reading through the perceptions that American people had about war movies at the time shows that the movies were also their source of information about their leaders’ potential4. To Americans, the movies told the truth about the cold war and the communists intentions. Americans were believed that communists wanted to destroy socialism. The movies acted as the real stories about what was going on in the battle

International Urben Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Urben Policy - Essay Example The paper tries to analyse the problems facing the growth of this unplanned city and tries to formulate measures whereby these can be tackled so as to make it more progressive and habitable. Nairobi is a city that faces a major influx of refugees moving into its urban areas. Interestingly, this migration pattern into Nairobi is not only for economic opportunities. Apart from economic migrants, the country also has hordes of people who move out of camps providing assistance to them, as the quality of aid is very low. Regarding this, it would be worth observing that whereas the period 1997 - 2001 was characterised by a 24 percent decline in the global refugee population compared to the pervious five years, the share of refugee from Africa rose from 20 to 45 percent during the same period. Also, as the demographic status of refugees varies across regions, and even within countries, it is dependent on the normative value of the refugees themselves. By end of 2001, Kenya was home to over a quarter of a million refugees. And out of this, almost about 50% of the refugees were aged above 18 years while about 45% of the total population were female. These refugees including thos e in urban areas posed a challenge not only to the government, but also to the indigenous populations. The host country saw them as an imposing and alarming threat to their own sovereignty, security and global stability. The governmental failure to unify the various clans and tribes of the city along with the influx of the refugees is inter-related to the demographics of the inter ethnic relations of the city. Research involving the various tribes such as the Luyia, Kuria, Suba, Luo, Maasai, or the Kalenjin and their inter racial interactions has shown that the relation of these refugees with the people, as well as the relation within the tribes themselves is pretty complicated. What makes it more dangerous is the existence of separate political affiliations of ethnically defined groups to political parties in the multi-party system of Kenya. Even with the coming of self governance, the colonial power is still considered to be an important influence on ethnic identification. Among the Luo, Maasai and their Bantu neighbours, there is a cultural gradient or a culture prestige gradient with the Nilotes at the upper end, and this status differentiation in several cases is stabilised by the appointment of chiefs from high status groups by the colonial power. This intra racial differentiation leads to a process of social exclusion. This, on the other hand, is also propagated by what has been termed as the 'filtering down process' of educational facilities being provided to the people of the different groups: broadly speaking the 'haves and the have nots'. Put in a nut shell, the educational policy in Kenya is such that it is generally the children from educated and well to do parents who can pursue higher education. The process of filtering down ensures that even when the government adopts a policy of educational expansion, it fails to lead to intergenerational job mobility. As Hazlewood puts it, the much greater expansion of secondary education, drawing in many more, and a much higher proportion, of the children of the uneducated in Kenya than in Tanzania, has made access to secondary educatio

The Issues Of Coca-Cola's Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Issues Of Coca-Cola's Company - Assignment Example Coca-Cola was using 80 billion gallons of water annually. This became a massive concern. This concern triggered Coca-Cola to fight back but it also made them take a second look at their practices. Coca-Cola began to look at its role in managing water. They also showed that they were working their best to tackle this issue by inviting organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund to provide them with advice that could help them improve their environmental impact. They set up goals and comparisons that could help them meet standards that other companies were achieving in terms of water use. They donated money to organizations with water conservation programs. (Lawrence, Anne, & Weber, James, 2007) I believe Coca-Cola handled the environmental concerns very intelligently. They made sure to create a relationship with organizations that were working to improve water and environmental conditions. They addressed the fact that they needed to improve and made improvements. And they invested money into the cause and made consumers aware of this. This is how a good company handles criticisms. Coca-Cola realizes that they rely on water to continue manufacturing their product. They realize they also need customers and stakeholders to believe in their company. And they made sure to check all of the right boxes to maintain these relationships. (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2010) Google is another company that is making up for some of their environmental mistakes by setting a green example. Google is such a large company that its actions often come under the microscope. Instead of solely defending any of their procedures or actions they look to balance out the negative with the good in terms of environmental care.

Pick a company (Thorntons) of your choice answer two question Essay

Pick a company (Thorntons) of your choice answer two question - Essay Example While it was previously characterized as a luxury brand, it is quickly loosing the perception given the recent economic conditions and the increasingly saturated market. Thorntons has thus failed to develop an edge over the competition despite being a well known brand. Thornton’s has been badly affected by the recent financial downturn. This is because of the increasing price of the raw materials that impacts the price of the already expensive product. Also the consumers are left with low purchasing power given the recent recession. This is probably one reason behind the decrease in sales. The company is also impacted by change in consumer perception regarding sugar products including chocolate. With the increase in health and diet conscious public, Thorntons is negatively impacted, especially because Thorntons most important customers, which as women, are changing their attitude towards buying chocolate. Even under all this negative turn of events, Thorntons may still be able to succeed given its perception in the minds of the customers as a premium chocolate brand (Clark). Also the UK confectionary market provides a pleasant picture for chocolate makers since it is a growing market with the highest market share taken by chocolate products (Datamonitor, 15) The competition for Thorntons has also increased as chocolates such as Hotel Chocolat and Lindt take on a more aggressive stance. Thorntons, with the increase in competition, did not manage to improve upon its products. Thorntons failed to innovate with more brands and different taste (Richardson). In the recent years, Thorntons has decided to move to selling its more commercial products in super-markets (Thorntons PLC, 2). Even though Thorntons has its own retail shop, it has moved on to sell in supermarkets where customers are given a choice of different chocolates. Given that Thorntons is a

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Taxation - Essay Example The Australian taxation of capital gains has been aligned with the international norms.1 A half of the capital gains that individuals realize on assets they have held for twelve months and more, the effective tax rate is half the rate charged on other forms of incomes. The different events or transactions that give rise to either a capital loss or capital gains are called capital gains tax events. A full gamut of these events exist, and some of them frequently occur and affect many individuals while others are not common and affect few individuals.2 The knowledge of the various types of capital gains tax events is imperative since it influences how an individual works out his or her capital gains or capital losses. In addition, it affects the timing of such capital losses or capital gains. In case there is the occurrence of more than one capital gains tax events, the one used is one that that is most specific to the situation.3 Therefore, among the capital gains tax events are: the destruction or loss, which may be involuntary or voluntary, of an asset; cancellation, redemption or surrender of shares; the disposal of depreciating assets that are wholly or partly used for private purposes; where an individual ceases to be a resident of Australia; w hen an entity enters into a conservation covenant; making of payments by a company to a shareholder; where financial instruments are declared to be worthless by a liquidator; where an individual makes a contract to stop working in a given sector for some agreed upon the period; where a trustee makes a non-assessable payment; compensation payment; and making payments to a business by a local council after destruction of its assets. However, it should be noted that subdivision of land does not give rise to a capital gains tax event but a sale of any of the subdivision gives rise to a capital gains tax event4. The benefits made give rise to a capital gains tax event. When capital gains are made from compensation made

Comparative Foreign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparative Foreign policy - Essay Example On the Necessity of Individual Level of Analysis in Understanding of Case Policy Outcome 7 I. Foreign Policy Theories, Use by Foreign Policy Analysts Theories are proposed explanations relating to the workings of things. In foreign policy studies, theories refer to the major theories relating to the field of study, and they are mainly liberalism, realism, Marxism, and constructivism in some texts. Theories are essentially tools that foreign policy analysts use to make sense of the actions of states in relation to each other, and in the context of global economic, political arenas of actioni ii. As the definition suggests, theories are the distillation of insights, writings, studies and observations about the actions of states in the real world, distilled on the assumption that states act in certain ways, based on certain underlying motivations, dynamics, and historical circumstances. Theories are used on the assumption that given a set of conditions, states will act in defined ways m oving forward. iii II. Liberalism, Realism- Key Analytical Components, Comparison and Contrast Realism posits that the key characteristic of the international order is disorder, or anarchy and chaos. In the absence of an organizing principle, or a body of law to mediate disputes and the general conduct of nations when dealing with other nations, the operative principle is power. Therefore, nations act and watch out for their own interests in the main. Self-interest and self-preservation, the advancement of one's own interests, is the rule and the defining consideration when crafting foreign policy. Realism has several implications for the way the world system of politics and economics is shaped. Power is the currency, and where one state amasses power, that automatically translates to threats to the inner integrity of other states. Balance of power becomes an important consideration. Moreover, viewed from a realist perspective, the power currency translates to an obsession with proj ecting power and defense capabilities, as reflected in military might. Nations then act out and craft foreign policy in relation to that perceived and actual power residing on their military capabilities. Military power then becomes a central analytical component when reading the actions of nations in the international stage, with some superpowers such as China acting in ways that are different from those with some power, and those who have no power at all. Constraint and independence in crafting foreign policy are reliant on the size of a nation's military capabilities. At the weak end of that spectrum, very weak nations are the most constrained. Middle powers meanwhile yield considerable power, and act in ways such as forming alliances to balance out the power of the strong states. iv Liberalism, in contrast, views the world order not in terms of balance of power and military might, but in terms of interdependence, for instance through the interdependence of nation economies, and how such interdependence shapes more cooperative stances, a greater emphasis on world bodies that foster cooperation and dialogue, such as the United Nations, and nations, especially less powerful states, towing the line in terms of adhering to the rules of the global market. Market forces are relevant considerations, and so are the economic and political implications of interdependence as shaping foreign policy for different countries. The operative principle here is that of

Cultural Diversity and Interaction Essay Example for Free

Cultural Diversity and Interaction Essay The City of Los Angeles, California, as we fondly call it â€Å"The City of Angels†, is the second most heavily populated metropolitan area in the United States of America. It is classified by my fellow Americans as a global city or a world city which means that the channel of associations binding this city has a downright actual causatum on all-encompassing global affairs. Furthermore, including myself, it has a fairly large population of 3, 844, 829 according to the U. S. Census Bureau (Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2005 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005 2006). Because it is a global city, it is a world-class center of distinction in various fields such as culture, science, education, technology, trade and commerce. Moreover, it is home to world-class institutions of different cultural and socio-economic fields like our community being made up of local government, service groups, clubs, schools, and many more. The racial make-up within our city is mainly divided into whites (46. 9%), African American (12%), Asian (10%), Native American (1. 0%), and other races (31. 1%). So basically, Los Angeles City is composed of Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics or Latino (Mormon, 2007). Majority of the population in our place spoke English and Spanish while the rest spoke Korean, Tagalog, Armenian, Persian, or Chinese/Mandarin. History In the earlier periods, Native Americans such as the â€Å"Grabrielenos†, inhabited the coastal area of Los Angeles. It was then (re)discovered by a Portuguese explorer named Joao Rodrigues Cabrilho (Rapasky, 2003). Almost a century later, Europeans arrived with Franciscan priest Juan Crespi, and reached the present site of Los Angeles City (Britannica Online). The aboriginal migrants are from Spain and they are of African descent. When California attained its freedom from the sovereignty of the Spanish rule, Los Angeles then became a suburb of Mexico. However, as the Mexican rule concluded during the Mexican-American war, Americans took over California. As the years passed by, the city of Los Angeles progressed. Industries flocked into the city. Also, the World War II brought economic growth and prosperity to the city as urbanity expanded the city. Religion Due to its large population, the â€Å"City of Angels† is one of the most religiously diversified localities in the world and it is home to enthusiasts and believers of many religions and has over 100 Christian churches. Aside from these, several religious sectors and organizations representing diverse faiths includes Islam, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Moreover, Asian immigrants formed a number of important Buddhism denominations that made the city a home to the most number of Buddhists in the world having also the biggest population of Buddhists in the United States. Roman Catholicism is expectedly the largest because of the high numbers of Hispanic and Filipino Americans and it leads the largest congregation of Roman Catholics in the United States America. The second largest population of Jews in the United States of America is also in Los Angeles and various churches of the Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox dynamisms are established in the city. Census The ratio of females to males in our country is almost equal. Notably, due to the progressively high economic status of the city, only a small portion of the population was below the minimum level of income essential for achieving an adequate standard of living. When the African Americans from the southeast part of the Unites States of America arrived in Los Angeles, the population grew 15 times. Since 1990, the population of Blacks dropped into half because the middle class relocated to the suburbs. However, despite the relocating of homes and families into other areas, the city still has the largest community of African-American residents in the United States. Los Angeles is one of the cities in the United States wherein majority of its population differs from the national majority which is the â€Å"whites† that’s why I expected that it will finally have a Latino majority for the first time. Today, the population of Latinos, Asian Americans, and Caribbeans is still flourishing at a fast rate. Los Angeles City has a large population of people from different nations. Various ethnic ascendancies like Chinatown, Korea town, Little Tokyo, and Thai Town is a sheer evidence of the multilingual and multi-cultural characteristic of the City of Los Angeles. Government The city of Los Angeles is governed by a mayor-council system or a system of governance wherein the council is headed by an elected mayor (Britannica Online). The present mayor in office is Antonio Villaraigosa, a Latino of Mexican descent. Primarily, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) protects the city from crimes, but, there are also categorically specialized police agencies: the Office of Public Safety, the Port Police, and the Airport Police. The Office of the Public Safety handles the crimes committed within the premises of the city proper such as in public places. The Port Police work together with the Harbor Department in the Ports of Los Angeles. And the Airport police are responsible for law enforcement at the four city-owned airports. Crime Since 1990, the crime rate in Los Angeles rose alarmingly with accounted exploits of violence, homicides, and property crimes. However, at least, compared to violent crimes, property crimes are more frequent. Also, for a global city with a large population, it is amazing to note that the crime rate of Los Angeles city is lower compared to that of Chicago and Atlanta. The distribution of homicides occurring in the city is somewhat concentrated to the South Los Angeles and the Harbor area while a mere quarter occurs in the Downtown. In addition to, the city is a home to hundreds of thousands of gang members and this has led to the city being referred to as the â€Å"Gang Capital of America†. Media The mass media or public media of Los Angeles serves a large population in the area. The major daily newspaper in English is The Los Angeles Times while the La Opinion is the city’s largest Spanish paper. There are also a lot of smaller regional newspapers and periodicals, and weekly magazines and journals. Indubitably, many local periodicals serve immigrant population in their â€Å"mother tongue†. The Los Angeles metropolitan area is served by different of local television stations. There are considerably numerous movies and recorded songs about Los Angeles that describe the concept of the gangs and professional criminals in the area. Also, several television programs and stations operate using the Spanish language and other Asian languages. The media tends to downplay the indiscetions of whites but really blows up the indiscretions of minorities through its use as the framework for cultural communication and expression across the globe. There are research projects that I have already read that focus on cultural interaction in the public domain and investigate issues of technology literacy, education, and politics among the dominant whites and the oppressed blacks. In my point of view, those publications must be critically assessed and that statements which tries to subjugate minorities, or actually oppressing them, should be eliminated. Work manuals, often refer to groups of different races and cultures, must also broaden their perspectives and treat both whites and blacks or minorities as one. Education There are many world-famous educational institutions in the City of Los Angeles such as the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and the University of Southern California (USC). Today, racial segregation is no longer permitted by the law; therefore, Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics have the freedom to study in whatever school that they believe is best for them. Cultural interaction is strongly exhibited in Universities and other learning institutions. As a white with a Native American heritage, I definitely observe some discrimination within our school area, eventhough there is a law under the Constitution that racist acitivities must be put to a halt. And I think, more effort must be given to effectively implement the said directives. Cultural Interaction In our city wherein numerous distinct cultures coexist, interaction is a must. Basically, there are no â€Å"pure† races, in the same sense as there are no â€Å"mixed† races. We are all equal and we all descend from one and the same race. In the ancient world, in the time of empires dominating continents, together with every small territory laid in their feet, it is not such an unknown fact that our existence in this world is entangled with each and everyone’s. Our lives are all engaged, through trade and through movements, in continuous cultural exchange of no such particular proportions, the legacies of which are still with us. Although there are three main races that live in Los Angeles, California, cultural interaction can be seen at work. In relation to the interaction between the different cultures of the Blacks, Whites, and the Hispanics, crime management is a vital thing to be considered in assessing the cultural interaction among them. It is important to note that there is neither enmity nor animosity among the Blacks, Whites, and the Hispanics. As we can all see, these three different cultural groups are living harmoniously with each other. Their interaction in the city, despite the scars left by wars, is extraordinarily peaceful that they all had exerted an astounding influence on each other. Also, they have also earned each other’s respect and trust needed to promote diplomatic relations. Respect towards individual religion, customs, and traditions are shown. Cultural interaction is an enormously complex thing. It requires the full participation and cooperation of everyone involved. It is more than just communication. Cultural interaction is understanding—understanding the fact that we all are different but equal. There is just no race that is superior from the others. Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics are all equal. No matter the complexity of such phenomenon, we should not think that it is not attainable, because it is. Truth to be told, it has already been attained. It is an all-influencing process has been happening, ever since the beginning of civilization. An observation from a community leader, like Mayor Antonio Villaragosa, with reference to the interaction between whites and other ethnic groups in the community is that he treats whites better than other ethnic groups like African Americans in the following circumstances. He once fired black activists from municipality official groups and made it his rule to in no way employ a protester to a metropolitan authority throughout his term in belief that they tend to be less reliable and more corrupt in the administration. Furthermore, he also did not act at once on the cases of Latino killings against the blacks. It is a result of thousands of years of struggles, and wars for the sole purpose of achieving equality in its purest sense. The battle has already been won. And the process of cultural interaction will not cease, as long as we human beings are still living and co-existing in the same dimension and direction. References: city. (2007). In Britannica Student Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 7, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/ebi/article-9273680 Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2005 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005 [Electronic (2006). Version]. U. S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 2, 2007 from http://www. census. gov/popest/cities/SUB-EST2005. html. Los Angeles. (2007). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved June 9, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-10129 mayor and council system. (2007). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9051613 Mormon. (2007). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved June 8, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9372619 Rapasky, E. P. (2003). History Joao Rodrigues Cabrilho in San Diego Bay, CA on Sept 28 1542 [Electronic Version]. AZORES-L Archives. Retrieved June 4, 2007 from http://archiver. rootsweb. com/th/read/AZORES/2003-09/1064794270.

Hospital Management In Nepal Health And Social Care Essay

Hospital Management In Nepal Health And Social Care Essay There is no internationally accepted clear definition for hospital. There are several types of hospitals based on the facilities, equipments and services, i.e. district hospitals, provincial hospitals, speciality hospitals and referral hospitals, teaching University hospitals and other types of health care facilities. There is no international standard defining what should be the minimum services that each hospital should provide during a health crisis. Each country has to develop a national policy and technical guidelines to deal with a health crisis. Before defining the essential services, the ministry of health has to define the essential health services that the health sector will provide to the community to the community in order to identify what more specific services will be delivered by hospitals (WHO, 2009). Management is defined as the organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with certain policies and in achievement of defined objectives. Management is included as a factor of production along with machines, materials and money. Renowned guru of management Peter Drucker (19909-2005) has said that the basic task of management is two fold: marketing and innovation. Practice of modern management owes its origin to the 16th century enquiry into low efficiency and failures of certain enterprises, conducted by the English statesman Sir. Thomas Moore (1478-1535). As a discipline, management consists of the interlocking services of formulating corporate policy6 and organizing, planning, controlling and directing an organizations resources to achieve the policies objectives (Walden University, 2011).Hospital managenmnet.net suggests that Hospital Management provides a direct link between healthcare facilities and those supplying the services they need ( Hospi tal management.net 2011) . WHO in 2009 suggests understanding by hospital management as the effective and combined management of, the following factors:- (a) Acute care for emergency patients; (b) Out Patient Department (OPD) activities; (c) Investigation (laboratory; X-ray; other diagnostic elements); (d) Referral for primary health care (PHC); specialized consultations or services; (e) Contribution to public health programmes; (f) Part of health information system (surveillance system, including a EWS Component); (g) Public information and education; and (h) Preparedness for health crisis management. . Nepal is a landlocked country which is mostly covered by hills and mountains and it has a population of 25.8 million as estimated in 2006. It is in the south Asian continent, north to India and south to China. Its area is 147,181 sq. km (WHO, 2007). It has been facing several challenges to establish a functional health management system (Thapa, 2010). This essay deals with the challenges which Nepali health system is facing at present and suggests the possible ways for its improvement. Statement of the problem Nepals health system is in transition. Nepal is an underdeveloped country where the health indicators are very poor. The health service facility is not adequate to Nepali people. So the hospitals are (Dixit, 2005). Nepals hospital bed per ten thousand populations is 4.26 (2001/02), physician per ten thousand populations is 2 and Nurses per ten thousand population is also 2 as per the data of 2004 Similarly, Total Expenditure on Health (THE) as % of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 5.3% and Public Expenditure on Health (PHE) as % of Total Expenditure on Health (THE) is 28 while Private Expenditure on Health (PvtHE) as % of Total Expenditure on Health (THE) 72(WHO, 2007). If it is compared with the other developing countries in the same region i.e. south east Asian region, the level of the problem may be perceived. Maldives, a small tiny country with population 298 thousand has Total Expenditure on Health (THE) as % of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 6.2. Maldives Public Expenditure on Health (PHE) as % of Total Expenditure on Health (THE) is 89 as compared with 28 of Nepal. Private Expenditure on Health (PvtHE) as % of Total Expenditure on Health (THE) in Maldives is 11. It shows that the state has better involvement in Maldives than in Nepal. More over, the population per hospital bed is 381, which are 26.2 hospital beds per 10000 populations. Similarly, number of populations per physician 959 and nurses per 10000 populations are 33 (WHO, 2007). It clearly shows the scenario of health development of Nepal. As part of health, curative health services have a major role in providing quality health service to the people. Until the health care provider organizations are strong, the curative health service can not be delivered to the beneficiaries properly (Edelman and Mandle 2006). Hospitals are the key component of health care delivery system and they needs to be reformed to ensure a quality health care system (McKay and Healy, 2000).Unfortunately the hospitals in Nepal have very poor in quality management and they are not able to deliver quality health services to the people (Dixit, 2005). To address the needs and requirement of the hospital, the government of Nepal ( GON), Ministry of Health and Population ( MOHP) has published The guideline on the establishment, Operation policy and standard and infrastructure for Private and Public Health Hospitals in 2004 ( MOHP,2004). But it is still lacking in the formulation of the standard for the hospitals run by the government (Dixit, 2005). However, the policy published by the MOHP tries to clarify on the basic parameters of the infrastructures required for the hospitals which may be applied for the general hospitals as well. But the document does not speak about the application in the government run hospitals (MOHP, 2004). That is why; there is a lack of clear cut guideline for the management of hospital. Nepals health sector is facing a challenge regarding the management (Dixit, 2005). As part of whole system of health in the country, management of the hospitals is also a challenge. 1.2 Summary of the problem Nepal has set a target to achieve the millennium Development goals by 2015. It has to meet the target in all health indicators. Goal no 3 and 4 are c loosely related with health and as part of curative health, hospital and hospital management have crucial role in health promotion. In Nepalese context, hospital management skill and concept of hospital management is still beyond the priority of the government and the government still does not have any policy guidelines over the hospital management sector (Dixit, 2005). People skill is a key asset for the development of key management styles. Dealing the people is a professional skill in itself. Being able to see from the perspective of others is essential, and caring for their welfare is also of prime importance. There are many high-profile examples of how to develop a successful management style. Managers like Bill Gates and Warren Buffett have famously developed their own distinctive management style from which others can learn. However, the fact that the two examples are very different management styles shows that there is no single route to success (Bono and Hellers, 2009). But unfortunately, there are no clear guidelines or policy found in the government documents. The recent document on the guideline on the requirement of a hospital, government does not speak about the hospital management, its skill development and transfer for the improvement of a hospital (MOHP, 2004). Lack of professional skill in the person responsible to manage the hospitals has created a problem in hospital management. The government run or supervised hospitals still do not have positions for the hospitals. MOHP in its policy document has not mentioned anything about the hospital managers (MOHP, 2004). However, the private hospitals have started hiring them which is still out of the government policy (Thapa, 2010). Nepal is a underdeveloped country where the literacy rate is only 62.7% for male and 34.9% for female as per the report of census 2001 (CBS, 2001). It means still 64.1% women are out of literacy coverage. Nepal has poor health facilities all over the country except in capital Kathmandu and other urban areas. Most of the doctors are not willing to go to the rural areas hospitals and they are often running without (qualified) doctors (Dixit, 2005). In conclusion, the poor socio-economic conditions, hard geographical conditions and lack of awareness of the people and traditional beliefs and superstitions, lack of will in the political parties and their leaders are the main burning issues for the improvement of health sector in Nepal (Chaulagain, 2004). These all are problems associated with the hospitals and ultimately with their management. The factors associated to hospital management are still not uncovered in Nepal (Thapa, 2010). So, it Purpose of the study As mentioned above, it has been obvious that Nepal is facing the problems to strengthen the management of the health sector. The documents are not found to have been lacking regarding the strategies and policies on the health management. So, the essay aims to identify the hindering factors affecting the hospital management in Nepal. It will study the existing policies and strategies of the government of Nepal on hospital management, international principles, theories and practices on hospital management and identify the factors which are affecting the betterment for hospital management sector of Nepal. So, the purpose of the study is to identify the current issues that hinder the hospital management in the case of Nepal and suggest the concerning authorities about improving the management system, formulating the policies and implementing them. It will analyse the strength and limitations of the hospital management system in Nepal and help all the concerned to mitigate and minimize them. Main research question The study can not answer all questions that come on surface while studying about the issue. So, to narrow down the study area and sharpen the focus, the study has defined the main study questions as follows:- What are the hindering factors that effect the hospital management in Nepal? Subsidiary Questions To supplement the main research question, these questions are defined as subsidiary questions as follows:- What are the existing strong aspects of the hospital management in Nepal? What are the limiting factors in hospital management in Nepal? How is the existing hospital management system in Nepal? What is the appropriate modality or best practices of hospital management that are applied in the world by other countries and What are the factors that are hindering the in the betterment in the hospital management in Nepal? Hypothesis Lindsen and Jong (2005) have defined hypothesis as an alternative explanation of residual switch trial costs or, more precisely, of the empirical finding that the repetition trial (RT) distribution for switch trials with a long preparation intervals can be modelled as a mixture of the RT distributions for repetition trials and for switch trials with a short preparation interval (Lindsen and Jong, 2010). In here, the hypothesis tries to establish an alternative factor that might be supposed to be the commonest hindering factor for the management of hospitals in Nepal. The hypothesis taken here is the lack of professionalization of hospital managers or the person who are involved in the management of either government run or private or community run hospitals in Nepal. It will be verified by the study afterwards in here. Significance of Study As mentioned above there are no special policies and practices established for hospital management in Nepal. The hospitals are managed by the medical doctors or surgeons so far (MOHP, 2004). The doctors are not entitled to diagnose the patients, treat them, run medical and surgical and public health cams campaigns in the hospitals or in the periphery of the hospitals. The Medical council is liable to assign the job responsibilities of the doctors in the case of Nepal. But it has not mentioned about the management part of the hospital and its regulation, Nepal Medical Council Act, 1964 (amended in 2001).It does not speak who is responsible for that (Nepal Medical Council, NMC, 2001). There is no one professionally responsible for the hospital management in the present context. In the country where the government policy about the medical sector does not speak about the role of hospital management, it becomes obvious that the hospital management sector is not running smoothly. No presen ce of the monitoring body to supervise and evaluate the hospital management is found in the present documents whether published by the government or private organizations. So, the studies significance is in establishing the fact what is the main barrier and other minor barriers in the hospital management of Nepal. That is why this study is has an important significance.

Analysis of Turkeys Economy

Analysis of Turkeys Economy More and more investors opt for a property in Turkey. Turkey is a country with a good prognosis and high added value. Turkey has been for some years a popular country for real estate investors. The proximity to Europe makes its choice on this beautiful country fall more and more prospective buyers. The cheap real estate and land prices also do so. Their very high wages allow the builders to purchase their own home at an affordable price. Turkey is a very big country. Therefore, there is no lack of space, and therefore the real estate prices are still extremely low. Property in Turkey is also a safe investment and promises a very high growth. Who won’t buy a property that gets a secure proof of ownership and is recorded as the owner in the land register? Property can be inherited from foreigners without problems. There are very clear laws in this regard. Only, the prospective buyers should not wait with a decision for too long. If Turkey is once member of the European Union, th e real estate prices will probably go there very quickly to the top. Key words: Turkey, Development, Investments, Real estates, Environment LIST OF FIGURES INTRODUCTION In a time of global crisis and uncertainty, in the course of which follow consecutive interest rate cuts by central banks and thus remain only very limited opportunities for returns for investors in savings, it is important to consider alternative investments in order to achieve attractive returns. With these considerations are thought to investing in real estate are increasingly also in addition to a riskier investment in individual equities or equity funds. Finally, these have the reputation to be valuable and inflation-proof investments. Since the Bosnian real estate market, however, does not list any high returns and capital appreciation over many years, the view stretches across the borders and abroad. While immediate neighbors and major industrial nations are hardly different from the Bosnian real estate market due to their already mature real estate market from a yield perspective is directed to the profit-oriented view of the riskier investors towards the representative of the emerging markets. These emerging markets are from Europe in particular countries such as Bulgaria, Romania, Russia and Turkey. Here, specifically, Turkey offers not only as a holiday destination some very interesting reasons for a long-term investment in the local real estate market. Analysts already captioned that Turkey is the India of Europe and pointed it out to an emerging nation. For a country with a young and growing population of over 70 million people in the cities grow steadily by strong immigration and more and more households arise, and whose economy is continuously stable and offers multiple opportunities. How much potential is really in this market and where exactly may even have hidden the risks, should be clarified in this work. 1. GEOGRAPHY AND INFRASTRUCTURE OF TURKEY One investment in a foreign country should be preceded by several considerations and analyzes, so transparency is created, information asymmetries are reduced and the risk of wrong decisions is minimized by ignorance. Especially with investments in land and real estate investor binds itself to the country and cannot be transferred later to another location of the property. Therefore, in almost any other investment, the location plays a more important role than in real estate investments. Both the geographical location as well as the infrastructural characteristics of the country should be incorporated with and analyzed before a decision is taken. 1.1. Geographical Location With a large area, Turkey spans over two continents. While only 3% of the 814,578 km  ² is located on the continent of Europe, 97 % of the land areas are assigned to the Asian continent. The European part of the country is called Thrace, while the Asian part of the country known as Anatolia (Onis, Senses; 2013). The geographical division of the country carried out in seven regions. Among these regions are: Marmara Region Black Sea Region Mediterranean region Aegean Region Central Anatolia Eastern Anatolia Southeastern Anatolia Located in Central Anatolia Ankara is the capital of Turkey, but the main artery of the country is in the northwest of Istanbul. It is the most populous city, also the economic and cultural center of the country and leads the European and Asian side of the Bosporus Bridge together. On the whole, Turkey is divided into 81 provinces, each with an appointed Governor of Ankara. The total length of the borders of Turkey is about 9650 km, of which about 7200 km are bounded by the sea. In the north of Turkey is the Black Sea, to the south of the Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea to the west. In addition, Turkey shares with eight neighboring states his countrys borders, which make up a length of about 2650 km. While Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan bordering Turkey in the north-east, Iran to the east, Iraq and Syria to the south, and Greece and Bulgaria is situated in the northwest. Figure 1: Map of Turkey, Source: Lonely Planet; 2014 1.2. Infrastructure The infrastructure of a real estate market is a crucial factor for the evaluation of its attractiveness as an investment. Especially with real estate investments, the supply and disposal standards of the place and its transport links and road quality as part of the technical infrastructure are significant. But also the social infrastructure of the town plays an important role prior to the purchase of property by public institutions such as schools, doctors, hospitals and leisure facilities. About the total area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Turkey away no single standard can be seen. Regional differences in infrastructure quality are available. While European standards are common in the west and south of the country, as well as in the capital Ankara, the population still lives in parts of eastern Anatolia with limitations in the supply of electricity and water. Also the nature of the roads, especially those leading to the villages are still away from western examples. In the analysis of the Turkish real estate market in the following only those regions are studied in detail, which are the primary focus of the investor and already dominated by European standards. Investors prefer the regions in and around Antalya and the Aegean. But the city of Istanbul is a major player in Turkey in attracting investment capital for the benefit of its building projects and existing properties. Especially Istanbul needs to make further investments in the infrastructure. For in the Turkish cities took place in the past decades the colonization mostly without development plans. In Istanbul, for example, increased the built-up areas from 1990 to 2005 by more than 40 %. Contrast can be explained by the rapid growth of the expansion of the transport, water, sewage and electricity networks to the extent necessary to ensure hardly. Local governments continue to try to curb this haphazard growth and to establish structures and order, as well as a nationwide transport network. The necessary financial resources, however, are currently the main obstacle to tackle this problem. Therefore, a stronger private sector engagement imperative, but for the time being unlikely, as the first commitment to other areas, such as building construction concentrated. However, a role model takes the waste disposal company Remondis (Finkel; 2012). As part of a joint venture, they invested in the treatme nt of wastewater and offer their services around four million residents of different municipalities. 2. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN TURKEY The economic development of a country is the assessment of the countrys investment is crucial. This section deals with the economic development and the future prospects of Turkey, and the pulse-generating, political factors. 2.1. Historical review and macroeconomic environment The current financial crisis, which has its origins in the U.S. subprime market and initially transformed into a global financial crisis to finally trigger a major global economic crisis has hit many countries hard. Many economies are in consequence of this crisis in a recession and that is why the International Monetary Fund (IMF), with only 0.5% growth in the global economy in 2009. Turkey had to overcome in 2001, a devastating economic crisis which was triggered by a public dispute in the spring of 2001 between the then Prime Minister Bà ¼lent Ecevit and President Ahmet Sezer Nejdet about the corruption in the country, the markets and the people lost their trust in the government. Aside from corruption, mismanagement and especially an ailing banking system were the main points of criticism and eventually triggered the crisis. In the course of the dispute between the two politicians, stock markets lost up to 18 % of its value in just one day and over a third in just a few days. The previously linked to major currencies like the U.S. dollar and the Euro Turkish Lira had to be released by the central bank because of capital flight by investors and was thus subjected to the forces of foreign exchange markets. Within a day by the Turkish lira lost 27% against the U.S. dollar and inflation soared to levels of over 60%. Short-term debt costs over 5,000 %. Indebted co mpanies had to go, because of the unaffordable interest on debt to file for bankruptcy and forced hundreds of thousands, into unemployment. A severe recession with values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹above 8 % was the result. The IMF had gripped Turkey in this situation with a state credit under the arms and saved from a possible bankruptcy, also acts in the later stages as the guardian of fiscal policy and important reforms. While today the financial system totters around the world, to intervene in many countries, the state, and large companies need to pull the ripcord, the Turkish banking system has proved to be stable during the crisis. Since the Turkish mortgage system subprime loans are not permitted and the banking system is well regulated, remained Turkish banks from the crisis largely spared. Only less than half a percent of the real estate lending in Turkey are in financial difficulties. The Turkish banking institutions were restructured during the economic crisis of 2001 and strengthened. A number of key structural reforms have been initiated to improve the system. For example, many institutions were taken over by the state, mergers and acquisitions which took place and the equity ratio was increased (2007 the average was 18.8 %). The core business was accelerated; risk transactions which could be made due to the harsh regulations were very limited. Thanks to these reforms, Turkish banks were no t directly affected by the current crisis, but lead to a decline in business due to the decrease in the number of lending’s (Bekmen, Akà §a, Ãâ€"zden; 2013). Noteworthy is the development after the reforms, because a lot of foreign capital flowed particularly in the banking sector and this explains the sharp increase in foreign direct investments in recent years in Turkey. In 2007, the investment reached a record level of 21.9 billion U.S. dollars. Foreign investors hold more than 40 % of the total capital in the banking sector. Figure 2. Turkish GDP development, Source: Martina Bozadzhieva; emerging markets insights; 2012 In the last five years before the global economic crisis, Turkey has the ideal conditions used well through the restructuring and recorded an average growth rate of the gross domestic product of 6.9 % and also reported a sharp decline in inflation to single digit level. The increasing integration into world trade, played a major role as the taller economic stability, as well as the ever- progressing implementation of structural reforms, such as the liberalization of major industries and the banking sector. But Turkey harbors in its economic and political composition and hazards. It is always susceptible to both external and internal shocks. Thus, the economic fundamentals are still behind those of the so-called BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) countries. In addition, the enormous dependence on foreign capital, inflationary pressures re-occurring and the risks of political unrest as a constant accompaniment of Turkey and a disruptive positive development of the economy happened . A worsening of these conditions, easily lead to the absence of important foreign capital inflows. Regardless of the development in Turkey is currently also observed that the investors the means are assumed due to the global economic crisis and therefore supposedly riskier assets such as be exchanged in Turkey against secure government bonds denominated in U.S. dollars or Euros. So Turkey suffered here indirectly from the crisis. 2.2. Political Environment The political developments in Turkey were always filled with special explosiveness of it is domestic stability but also economic stability dependence. Most of the political environments are more of a risk for the development of Turkey. The overdosed striving for power of Turkish politicians, and corruption instead of profit reforms, the Kurdish issue, the disparity between East and West, but also in particular the role of the Turkish military form regularly uncertainties for outside observers and investors. So the military has already taken three times with military interventions influence on the government and in a fourth time in 1997 by threat of a coup, the government moved to withdraw. For the democracy in the country and security of the markets, these are not supportive measures. In Turkey, took place 2009 nationwide local elections on March 29. The result was this: the ruling Justice and Development Party structure (AKP) of Prime Minister Erdogan remains with 38.79 % at the top and despite vocal losses it retains a clear edge over the opposition. The opposition Republican Peoples Party (CHP) reached in these elections only 23.13 % and 16.05 % voted for the right-wing Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). The Democratic Peoples Party (DTP) was 5.67%, while the Islamist Felicity Party (SP) got 5.16 % of votes. The success of the AKP can be attributed to their closeness to the people. However, there are nationwide protests as soon as the Islamization makes itself felt. Because the Turkish people, which is indeed tied to religious values, it does not tolerate radical Islamisation (Richards, Waterbury, Cammett, Diwan; 2013). In particular, the official opening of accession negotiations with the EU and the efforts to enforce the necessary reforms convinced the elector ate. However, it should be noted here that the AKP, like other parties, has also its own â€Å"nepotism built. The opposition has special attention paid during the election campaign to make the electorate to such events carefully. The people today no longer has confidence in the CHP, the campaign was rather unsuccessful. The CHP, founded by Ataturk is considered too â€Å"foreign national perceived, as their efforts do not comply with the wishes of the faithful Turks. It is irreligious and rejects both privatization, foreign direct investment, as well as the EU requirements. Just tried at one time point at which Turkey to integrate into the world economy and to attract foreign capital flows, the setting of the CHP is undesirable. The nationalist MHP is especially popular in provinces in which the Kurdish internal migration rate is high. The Kurds, an estimated 20 %, that is, Represented 10-15 million of the total population, mostly choose the DTP, but the religious among them trust the AKP. The radical DTP is alleged to that it is under terrorist influences, the nationalists are a good excuse to stamp Kurds as separatists. Turkey has now assumed an important position in world politics. Thanks to its geographical location, Turkey is an â€Å"intersection† in different regions: the Middle East, Caucasus, Russia, the Balkans and Europe. For this reason, the Turkish foreign policy by the Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu as a multidimensional† is referred to, EU accession negotiations on one hand and growing cooperation with other regions on the other. Especially in the Middle East, Turkey has extended its influence, by taking on, for example, the role of mediator in the peace negotiations between Israel and Syria. However, the commitment of the Turkish government in other regions is not a sign of a turning away from the West. After joining the EU is one of the main objectives of Turkish foreign policy. This can also be seen in the efforts of the government to speed up the reform process. In October 2005, the EU formally opened accession negotiations with Turkey. Expert opinions consequence is a conclusion of negotiations with a final political decision at the earliest possible in ten years. Major points of criticism are still the Cyprus conflict, fighting corruption, institutional reform and freedom of religion. In addition, Germany and France obstruct been categorically as heavyweights of the EU towards the EU Turkey accession and prefer a privileged partnership between the candidate countries. Since the talks began, 10 of the 35 negotiating chapters have already been opened and already completed one (science and research). What should be noted is that a prospect of EU membership, the Turkish real estate market offers a lot of imagination for capital gains and progressive success in negotiations is likely to give new impetus to the sector. Thus, it was observed that, for example, after the commencement of accession negotiations for EU membership of Bulgaria in 1999 and shortly before announcement of the accession to the EU, real estate prices in Bulgaria have increased significantly in 2005. Although the EU has been provided only for 2007, prices went even advance on speculation in the air. From 2003 to 2004, a price jump of 80 percent was recorded in the following year, after all, still an average of 36 percent. A similar effect cannot be ruled out for the Turkish property market, even if have already taken place in recent years, significant price increases regardless of EU accession negotiations (McKiernan, Purg; 2013).

Essay --

Cognitive behavioural therapy, an empirically validated treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (Robinson, Berman, & Neimeyer, 1990) has featured in over 78 research studies, and is the treatment of choice when treating depression by many clinicians. A meta analaysis completed by Dobson (1989), reviewed 28 studies featuring cognitive therapy and depression, and found that cognitive therapy was a more effective treatment modality than behaviour therapy, wait list control, medication, and other therapies. A further meta-analysis conducted by Gloaguen et al., (1998) found that Cognitive behavioural therapy was equal to behaviour therapy, and more effective than drug treatments when treating Major Depressive Disorder. While depression has been found to be successfully treated by therapies such as CBT, many depressed individuals do not continue to attend therapy (Barnes et al., 2003). This can be challenging as CBT in particular requires a commitment from participants in terms of attending a number of sessions so that the client can begin to experience progress. Researchers have found inattendance by those with depression may be due to a number of factors, such as avoidance of dealing with negative feelings (Barnes et al., 2013). According to MacDonald et al (2007), the symptomology of depression, such as reduced concentration, may provide a need for alternate ways of information to be provided when treating depression. One of the core components of CBT is homework activities, with homework completion being found to lead to greater results of therapy (Flynn, 2011). In a study by Simons et al., (2012), it was found that adolescents self reported less depressive symptoms, as well as reduced hopelessness,... ...as found, with these changes maintained at three and six month follow up. In addition, a one day EFT workshop, where EFT was delivered to 216 healthcare workers, resulted in a statistically significant reduction in depressive symptoms (Church, Geronilla, & Dinter, 2009). Two randomised controlled trials (RCT) found EFT to be an effective medium when treating symptoms of depression. After completing an 8 week online EFT course, 36 fibromyalgia patients receiving treatment for PTSD were found to have a significant reduction of depressive symptoms (Brattberg, 2008). The second RCT focussed on 59 war veterans who were experiencing clinical levels of depression. After six sessions of EFT, there was a significant change in their depressive levels which dropped to a subclinical level. These improvements were also maintained at follow-up (Church et al., 2011).

The Game of Life in Rabbit, Run Essay -- Updike Rabbit Run Essays Pape

The Game of Life in Rabbit, Run      Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps all our lives are simply a game, a game to which society sets the rules and to which we adapt.   In John Updike's novel, Rabbit, Run, the protagonist, Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom lives his life by the rules of the game of basketball.   Rabbit is a man who has, until the beginning of the book, played by society's rules.   But Rabbit's ambivalence is different from that of those around him; he has trouble communicating, and as a result he is often misunderstood and is constantly frustrated by the actions and expectations of others (Regehr).  Ã‚   In high school, Rabbit was a first rate basketball player and now, in his late twenties, is a middle-class man; working in a middle-class job, living in a middle-class apartment.   Though we may not choose to exist in this brown-gray environment, neither would our twenty-something protagonist, and that is precisely the point.   That we can be disgusted and frustrated along with him is what gives substantial balance to his sometimes unlikable decisions, and helps us react fairly to them (Tragic). This substandard is an immense disappointment to Rabbit's expectation that he, and his surroundings, would be of the highest classification throughout his post-high school life as they were in his days as a basketball star.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What defeats Rabbit in real life is the absence of a counter part for the basket in basketball.   Rabbit loves the games because they create and clearly define goals, the way to get points, becoming first rate, a success.   Contrastingly, the real world does not tell him what that something-that-wants-him-to-find-it is (Markle 46).   Rabbit does not have the ball, he does not have the key to the goal in his hands.   But thr... ... Secondary Sources Eiland, Howard & Thornburn, David. Twentieth Century Views: John Updike, A Collection of Critical Essays.   Copyright 1979 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Magill, Frank.   Survey of American Literature.   Vol. 6 Ste-Z 1885-2224.   Marshall Cavendish Co. New York.   Copyright 1991. Edited by Frank Magill. Markle, Joyce B.   Fighters and Lovers:   Theme In The Novels of John Updike.   Copyright 1973 by New York University. Regehr, John.   Rabbit, Run (John's Book Pages).   Copyright 1998 by John Regehr http://regent.org/books/reviews/rabbitrun.html.   04-02-00 Trachtenberg, Stanley.   New Essays on Rabbit, Run.  Ã‚   Tragic Unraveling of a High School Jock.   Reviewer: jzk.   4/13/00. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN%3D0449911639/maraspgr.../002-4808496-///380.  

Samsung Case Study

Strategy Presentation on Countering Threat from Chinese Company BBackground ackground †¢ Samsung founded in 1938 by Byung-Chull Lee. †¢ 1950’s Economic Stabilization – Korean War – Samsung lost all assets – aimed to help rebuild Korean economy; entered the manufacturing industry (sugar, fabrics) – became a leader in modern business practices (recruiting from outside) †¢ 1960’s Expansion of Key Industries – entered electronics and chemical industries – 1969 established Samsung Electronics Co. as a division of the Samsung Group. In 1970s, Samsung's entry into the semiconductors business was pivotal for the company, to that end, creation of Samsung's semiconductors and telecommunication Co. in 1978. – – – laid the groundwork for electronics in Korea helped the domestic economy grow paved the way for exports †¢ 1980’s: Samsung was manufacturing, shipping, and selling a wide range of ap pliances and electronic products throughout the world. – – – A more comprehensive electronics company established Semiconductor and Communication corporation began memory chip business †¢ Early 90’s: Integration and Globalization – – Sales at Samsung Group grew more than 2. times between 1987 and 1992. Mid-Late 90’s: Implementing new management strategies Samsung Product Range Some of Samsung products Home Multimedia Mobile Multimedia Personal Multimedia Core Components Core-Competencies Samsung- Core Competencies High Quality Standards Superior Efficiency Innovation Drive Customer Responsiveness Reliable Products †¢ Reliable Products †¢ Work with design firms †¢ Located main R&D †¢ Learning new design †¢ Employee welfare facility and fabs at rules and application †¢ Active Recruitment a single site †¢ A common design of foreign Talent †¢ Performance platform with †¢ Global Strategy as ed promotion customization as per Group †¢ Reward but requirement †¢ Employees global no Firing business skills Policy Ability to customize product to †¢ Regional Specialist †¢ Debate based customer demands program agreements Increasing Competition Rank Company Market Share 1 Samsung 34% 2 Hynix 22% 3 Micron Technology 15% 4 Elpida Memory 14% 5 Qimoda 5% Industry Analysis: Porter’s Five Forces †¢ Fierce Rivalry due to increase in capacity & cyclical downturn Industry †¢ Entry of new Chinese companies Rivalry †¢ Suppliers are likely to becomes more concentrated and offer about 5% discount on bulk purchaseSupplier †¢ Buyers are largely OEM with no one controlling more than 20% of the market. Buyers †¢ Buyers are likely to negotiate hard for prices. Entry Barrier Substitute †¢ High entry barriers due to requirement of capital investment and complex †¢ Chinese firms going for joint ventures and access to foreign investment. à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Memory chips did not have any substitutes but old technology is likely to be replaced by more advanced technology. SWOT Analysis Strength Weakness Opportunity Threats †¢ Diversified product line to cover all customer needs †¢ High market share in Mobiles, Memory Chips and LCD High Brand value from multiple sponsorships †¢ High investment on research and development †¢ Customers place question on durability of products †¢ Lack of focus on niche market †¢ Low Average salary in the market †¢ Strong and growing customer demand for high-end products †¢ Young population gives a chance to develop customer base for future †¢ Intensifying competition †¢ Low cost Chinese products †¢ May lose advantage of DRAM technology to new Nana Tech Competitive Advantages of Chinese Firms †¢ Access to cheap labour and local engineering talent †¢ Government subsidies †¢ Easy access to local & international financial capital Lower cost structure †¢ Willing to endure years of losses to gain market share Competitive Advantages of Samsung †¢ Dedicated workforce of manual labourers and engineers †¢ Strong product portfolio †¢ SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, RDRAM, other DRAMs †¢ Early mover advantage in increasing wafer-size †¢ Sustained levels of high operating margins †¢ Adoption of â€Å"stacking† method for fabrication Competitive Advantages of Samsung †¢ Strategic co-location of R&D and fabrication facilities †¢ Enabling an efficient cost-structure †¢ Favourable environmental conditions †¢ In-house competitions for new product developments Active involvement of junior staff and engineers in discussions regarding new products leading to innovation Competitive Advantages of Samsung †¢ Strong HR Policies †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Investment in employees’ higher education Active recruitment of foreign talent Goodwill towards employees 3 levels of Performance-based incentives †¢ Project-based incentive †¢ Productivity-based incentive †¢ Profit-based incentive Strong Financials Samsung Micron Infineon Hynix SMIC COGS/Sales 23% 44% 33% 44% 32% SG&A/Sales 12% 26% 9% 16% 8% R&D/Sales 11% 13% 14% 13% 18% Labor/Sales 11% 21% 16% 11% 8% Sales 5. 08 4. 48 4. 73 4. 58 4. 3 COGS 1. 19 1. 98 1. 57 2. 01 1. 84 SG&A 0. 59 1. 18 0. 44 0. 74 0. 34 R&D 0. 56 0. 56 0. 67 0. 61 0. 8 Labor 0. 54 0. 94 0. 75 0. 51 0. 34 Lower Raw material, Labour, Depreciation, R&D costs. Higher Selling Price! Resulting in better financial indicators: Lower COGS/Sales Lower SG&A/Sales Lower R&D/Sales (Exhibit 7d) The Big Question Can Samsung weather the Chinese Threat? Yes, Samsung continues to retain and gain market share. Samsung has a high brand value- Can leverage on Brand Equity. Wide Range of Product Offerings for sustenance. Deterring New Entrants Strategies to deter new entrants StrategyNiche Products Price Cut Cut down on pric e and Innovate on niche force a price war and products and drive competitors out explore new of the market markets Excess Capacity Acquisition Increase output and Acquire small force down prices to entrants with good make market entry potential to perform unprofitable Way Forward †¢ Keep Innovating and Invest heavily in R&D †¢ Focus on New Niche Products †¢ Maintain Reliability and Quality of Product †¢ Focus on More Foreign talent including talent from China as well †¢ Invest in lower end chip factories in china †¢ May look towards increasing the average salary Thank You

Journal on “The Storm” by Kate Chopin Essay

The force sets in motion the chain of yetts that leads to the char strikeers adultery. Do you look at the storm excuses the characters in any management from responsibility for their actions?In her short reputation The Storm, Kate Chopin creates a situation where two sight give in to their intimate proclivity with the help of the outside setting. Although the threatening display of the storm does incite the deep root emotion the couple is non excuse from their treacherous act since they be sound aware of their sin.As the story begins, Bobi non and Bibi are sitting inside of a monetary fund wat bring upg the approaching storm, chafeing virtually Calixta at home(a). However at home, Calixta is not aware of the coming downpour or her wicked act about to get rid of place. It is not until it grows dark that she realizes the situation and closes the windows and gathers the laundry. That is when Alcee complys along riding on his horse, which exposes Calixta to a close to l et this man in for foster during the storm, or let him drench in the rain. Eventhough Calixta and Alcee were old lovers they are now marry to different people. They had not seen each other very often since her marriage, and never alone. Her termination to let the man in is the line of the rising storm foretells the events that are to come. erst she chooses to allow him to enter her house, she begins to panic and worry, not only that what she was getting herself into was hurt, plainly similarly about her family who was still stuck out in the storm.The storm caused each person to bring in a degenerate ratiocination, for Bibi and Bobin the quick close was where to go once the storm had begun, for Alcee the quick decision to ask his married ex lover for shelter, and Calixta was given the most mingled decision, which was whether or not to let Alcee come in. Another factor that attributes to the symbolism in this story is that as the storm grows frequently intense, so do t he actions of Calixta. The fact that at first when she let Alcee in, she was disquieted for her economise and son only adds to her immorality. She cares about her family, and they worry for her her marriage may not e perfect but similarly not a failure. When Calixta and Alcee encounter their betrayal act, it is their sexual desire that drives them, the born(p) force comely like the storm. As more focus in the storm builds up, more stress increases between the two inside the house. The storm does not only destroy the characters property, but it also destroys the trust and faith on which their marriages are based on.When they finish, Calixta watched Alcce ride away, He turned and smiled at her with a beamy face and she lifted her pretty chin in the air and laughed aloud. They do not feel ashamed of their action they even feel glad with their physical satisfaction. aft(prenominal) Bobinot and Bibi come home she is pleased that they backtrack safely but she does not tell any regret on what she has done. She appears well-provided and full of energy. Bobinot thought she would be worried because of the storm and had brought her a can of shrimps to ingest her feel better, however they laughed so much and so loud that anyone might obligate heard them as far away as Laballieres.Only a prevaricator and betrayer could do such unsound action and then laugh as if nothing happens. As for Alcee, he comes home and writes his wife a loving garner telling her not to hurry back, and says he misses her and their kid. He also is a liar but in his case, his wife also enjoys being away from him. Since the marriage does not seem to be a success, it is comprehendible how he would cheat on his wife. and for Calixta, she has a loving husband and a caring son she could not give birth committed this crime without shame.In whatsoever cases the environment makes extraordinary things happen, whereas in modal(prenominal) circumstances people would not act the same way. H owever, it is in the human provide that they choose to make a decision it is their heart which is whether weak or safe to refuse a temptation. Unlike the natural forces that are uncontrollable, peoples minds are of their own and thence they should be considerate of their moral and wrong doings.Work CitedChopin, Kate. The Storm. Rpt. in Compact lit ReadingReacting Writing. By Kirszner and Mandell. 6th ed. 2007.

Prevention of Terrorist Acts by Private Security Essay

IntroductionThe topical anaesthetic macrocosm fair play enforcement agencies ar aw ar and throw away know the fact that singly, they force outnot c e trulyplace the vast geographic bea of their several(prenominal) jurisdictions and enforce legal policing duties. They ar restrict in results, expertness and resources. For this reason, they have absorbed the armed work of the cliquish sphere of influence specific ally the members of the communities and expectfeitd with them symmetrys for economic aid and collaborationism in plague fight and populace dis ball club.In fact, the 1990s marked the emergence of a bleak means of delivery of services in the everyday empyrean rectitude enforcement bea. This mode of service delivery gave honor enforcement an opportunity to employ resources and expertise which were not new(prenominal)wise available to them in advance under the collaborative confederation and sh ard responsibilities with the secret sector and communities (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). charge the government has recognized the grandness of attention from the underground sector. Thus, this growing recognition was no longer limited locally merely has spread across the states and the federal government.With monetary support from the U.S. segment of arbiter, home of arbiter Programs sureness of Justice Assistance (BJA), the intimacy of Chiefs of Police (IACP), National Sheriffs Association, and Ameri puke family for Industrial certificate International linked efforts for the state and local to start a fusion with the mystic sector, specifically the closed-door certification organizations denominated as Operation Cooperation (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). This partnership up to now, was limited to crime fighting and public disorder. A growing success was celebrated in these partnerships and continued efforts be exerted to head for the hills out some identified worry argonas.The September 11 terrorist at tacks brought a new aw beness and rekindled the imperative need for local law enforcement and offstage gage organizations to do together to fill the gap for native land pledge department and in preventing terrorist act (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). By reason of the success rate in the partnership betwixt the mystical sector and the law enforcement in terms of stay and order, mystical sector was again quest to pitch in its efforts to supporter in combating terrorist attacks. by and by the summit in 2004, underground auspices organizations were called upon to organize and better as confederation paying backparts in facilitateing law enforcement agencies.The U.S. department of Justice holds the opinion that society policing has the same(p) direct effect on counter terrorism strategies. These include the use of crime mapping with GIS systems, data collection and summary protocols, and technologies that whitethorn be used as platforms for gathering watchword to assess terrorism vulnerability. In addition, the community partnerships formed by police in the course of community-oriented caper resolving provide a urinate framework for engaging citizens in help police to station possible threats and execute preparedness plans (Docobo, 2005).Community policing affords the opportunity for law enforcement agents to have companionship of activities in their respective territorial jurisdictions which keep assist in counteracting terrorist activities. These crime stripe partnerships has proven telling by dint of the years and for which reason, this has inspired a similar idea with respect to terrorism especially after the September 11 terrorist attack. Thus, public law enforcement- hugger-mugger protective cover measures partnerships are now thought of as macrocosm replicated as to apply to motherland credentials department and counter terrorism.For instance in new-fashioned York, Area Police/ occult surety Liaison was created t o enhance mutual cooperation amid law enforcement and privy certificate earlier for rallying of cultivation. This gives the New York Police surgical incision a vast network and olibanum facilitating learning reports on security updates and terrorists news bulletin (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005).Terrorism in the unify States is characterized by inflicting harm and damage to a great make sense of people all at once. For this reason it is crucial to forge partnerships and mutual collaboration with unavowed security organizations to be able to cover that life-size territory. The untaughts infrastructure is foster by close security organizations period the law enforcement agencies receive info regarding threats so either one cannot protect alone(predicate) (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). Infrastructure as defined by the 9/11 Commission as to include telecommunications and communication networks, buildings, energy facilities, etcetera (9/11 Commission, 2004).Based on statistical estimates made by 9/11 Commission in its closing Report, at least 85% of the infrastructure is own by the secluded sector and is protected by a number of private security agents which far go by the number of law enforcement ships officers and agents (9/11 Commission, 2004). secret security organizations can perform civic duties in providing assistance in evacuation, food and stockpile in emergencies (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). at that place is excessively nurture sacramental manduction and close coordination with another(prenominal) private security practitioners and law enforcement agents which leads to exchange of information, assenting to others, exposure, training, and familiarity with the take of each sector, i.e. private security and public law enforcement (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). There is a more than creative globener of solving lines and a marked reduction in rejoinder term to disasters.There were umpteen advisory committees two pu blic and private institutions that embarked on studies to find out how to protect the U.S. homeland security. There was uniformity in their findings that there is pretermit of homeland security strategy, defects in governmental organization and processes in dealing with threats to national security (Parachini, Davis, Liston, 2003).After the September 11, President Bush created the post of motherland warranter and also conventional the Homeland gage Council as an disguise agency coordinating body. In 2002, the enactment H.R. 5005 or the Homeland security system execution of 2002 was approved by the U.S. Congress and was sign(a) into law by the President (Parachini, Davis, Liston, 2003).The Department of Homeland Security was established with plans and programs it is sibyllic to implement through he void of the powers and functions which the law mandates it to exercise (Parachini, Davis, Liston, 2003). Directives and orders have been issued from that time to harness the var ious areas for counter terrorism from state, federal and local enforcement level.The Bureau of Justice Statistics shows that there are 16,661 state, local, and county law enforcement agencies in the United States, and they employ a chalk up of 677,933 sworn officers. Studies on private security staffing indicate there whitethorn be as many as 10,000 private security agencies employing slightly less than 2 million private security officers in the United States (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). These numbers can be a good indicator of the effect of the large number that can assist public law enforcement agencies.A security organization has various functions, thus a security practitioner may be a director of security services of a large corporation or a manager of contracted security personnel at the place or office of a client or an investigator with expertise on computer crimes (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005).There are two kinds of private security services, i.e. 1) proprietary or incarnate security and, 2) contract or private security firms (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). Corporate security in general refers to the security departments that exist within businesses or corporations. Contract security firms by line of products sell their services to the public, including businesses, homeowners, and banks (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). open policing on the other hand, deals with the state, local law enforcement including sheriffs offices. in the first place these officers are responsible for recreation and order and street crimes and have no headache with corporate internal operations or private economic interests (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005).The advantages of private security organizations over the public law enforcement agencies are these agencies have vast resources and expert noesis in the field. Moreover, insofar as headcount, the number of private security officers far exceed those in law enforcement which enables them to cover and protect effect ively a small geographic area (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). It has been criticized for want of certification, regulation standards, deficiency of rigorous pre- selection recruitment process and trainings with a high turn over of officers (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005).On the other hand, law enforcement agents are subjected to rigorous screening process before acceptance in the service and the officers are subjected to background checks. They are trained and are subject to regulations. The enforcement powers given them are greater some(prenominal) in background knowledge and strength. almost of the law enforcement agents and officers stay in their jobs for a long time as these jobs are considered careers (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). This enables them to establish trust with the inhabitants of the area and exchange information. However, the downside is that law enforcement work on limited resources and budget. During heavy call load days, response time most often is delay be cause of the volume of incidents they respond to (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005).The main enigma which was identified in the public law enforcement and private security organizations partnerships is a light-colored information overlap. The private security organizations man private companies which are by personality organized for profit. Often, these private companies are un allowing in sacramental manduction information which may be detrimentally used against them thereby losing profits.In an interview with John Cohen, prexy and chief executive of PSComm LLC, he express that A number of corporate security people are hesitant to portion out information with the government because theyre touch that of the threat causes public that could impact the assess of the companys stock. Businesses want to be sure that their information is handled in a way that doesnt affect them from a business perspective (Pelland, 2002).On the other hand, public law enforcement also is disincline d to share or give away(p) information to the multi national companies who are headed by foreigners (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). This lack of trust can be attri provideded to the fear that these foreigners may be more inclined to protect their respective countrys interests than that of the United States.ConclusionPublic law enforcement agencies in their discharge of their functions have made efforts towards proper and effective policing by eliminating crime in their respective jurisdictions through the creation of effective partnerships with the community and other public and private-sector resources, the application of problem-solving strategies or tactics, and the transubstantiation of agency organization and culture (Docobo, 2005). It is on account of this that the fantasy of partnerships was adopted to be replicated in counter terrorism programs of the government. rase with the current declaration of homeland security, community policing in respect of crime prevention, is seen as to overlap with counter terrorism objectives (Docobo, 2005).With these partnerships, strategies become more philosophical as these are impressed in the mission and goals of the law enforcement agency. The public department itself undergoes an organizational transformation. The officers who are lower in rank are empowered to make their own decisions and give in responsibilities for their acts. Thus, decision-making is de of importized and officers are given a chance to tap their creativeness in problem solving (Docobo, 2005). The idea and concept of partnership and collaboration has been widely authorized by the respective sectors. It is noted however that there is a need to augment their effectiveness in order that the purposes for which these partnerships were created would not be frustrated.The goal in these partnerships is collaboration in which their missions may overlap but they achieve the same goals through sharing resources and information. It gives many benefits for both sectors much(prenominal) as creative problem-solving, increased opportunities for training, information data, and intelligence sharing, force multiplier opportunities, access to the community through private sector communications technology, and reduced recovery time by-line disasters (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005).The benefits and advantages from the forged partnerships are countless. It is however significant to address the weak information sharing between the groups. Working together is crucial. conversation lines also should be open with bountiful exchange and discussion of limitations, scope of powers, lines of empowerment and functions of each sector is imperative so that an effective partnership can materialize.There must be a make believe understanding of roles and the usefulness and necessity of the partnership, where leaders are identified. These leaders must develop trust for each and every sector executive considering that the weak information sharing wa s observed to be attributable to lack of trust between both sectors. By making both sectors fully and deep aware of the roles they have to play and its importance to each of the sectors, trust may be developed.The essences of these partnerships are mainly communication, cooperation, collaboration and coordination (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). dialogue refers to exchange of ideas and information while coordination requires knowledge of goals. Cooperation means sharing of personnel and resources for the acquisition of the goal. Collaboration is based on candid understanding of the partners goals and the conceptualisation of policies to achieve give tongue to goals which although may overlap, strengthens the partners (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005).The Department of Homeland Security issued guidelines on how to improve the collaboration with the private sector in its report Office for house servant Preparedness Guidelines for Homeland Security (DHS, 2003). It suggested among oth ers that there be a understandably understanding of the need to prevent terrorist acts a communicateing house for received information on terrorism interpretation of this information clear definition of tactics and strategies to counter terrorism definition of funding priorities formulation of assessment and procedures and the preparation of written coordination agreements much(prenominal) as memorandum of agreement between public and private sectors that should contain clear delimitations of scopes of powers of each, facilitation of information, and the formulation of processes and procedures (DHS, 2003).The formalization of the coordination agreement signifies the institutionalization of the homeland security collaboration. These guidelines also identified areas which private security organizations can meet with the public enforcement agencies, i.e. networking, information sharing crime prevention resource sharing training formula operations and research and guidelines (Conno rs, Cunningham, Ohlhausen, Oliver, and Van Meter, 2000). By entering into formal memorandum of agreement or understanding, each sectors role, duties, and scope of powers are properly re usher ined to fit into the priorities and policies. Such formal agreements will give both sectors direction and lucidity with respect to the procedures to be properly interpreted and implemented.Networking refers to discussion and meetings with the private sector to scarper out possible solutions to problems as hearty as limitations. Information sharing is the central component of the partnership. Information sharing includes homework for critical incident response, protecting infrastructure, enhancing communications, minimizing liability, and strategically deploying resources (Connors, Cunningham, Ohlhausen, Oliver, and Van Meter, 2000). Thus, meeting and conferences between representatives of both sectors is a must.Crime prevention also translates to terrorism. Terrorist acts may include initi ally lesser crimes to accomplish their goal of terrorism. Clearly, all information gathered from partnerships for crime prevention and peace and order may be very useful for combating terrorism. All information all the same the absence of unlawful activity accordingly must be shared such as those which involve unusual and comic activities.Technical knowledge and training may be shared by the private security organizations to the public enforcement agencies considering that the latter may lack this. Both sectors must identify legislation and assist the law makers in making these laws more responsive to the present situation. These laws should be modified if need be to be useful to both sectors in combating terrorism (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005).Both the public enforcement agencies and the private security organization may collaborate in the operational areas. This refers to joint con game operations, investigation of computer crimes and white-collar pecuniary fraudulent activit ies. Research papers and guidelines may be drawn by both sectors with respect to personnel policies and standards of the security personnel. coherent standards and policies must be made for recruiting, selection, accept and hiring security personnel.It is also suggested that liaison officers should be carefully trained and picked from the supervisors. They should have a clear and deep understanding of the goals and objectives of the partnership. The problem lies in the selection of those for the private security organizations as it has been recognized that they have the lack of prescreening and training standards.Thus, it was further suggested that an advisory council suppose these standards so that choosing a liaison officer as a representative of the private security sector would not be as difficult as it has been (Morabito and Greenberg, 2005). In sum, the success of these collaborative partnerships rest in the full sharing, cooperation, and coordination from both sectors which may unaccompanied be achieved when each of the members have reached a deep understanding of the importance of their roles and scope of their powers.By reason of the importance of homeland security and on the part of the government, it has in fact allocated a larger sum up of budget to counter terrorism. coalitions are promote so that geographic territory can be covered extensively. Legislation is beingness addressed by modifying and or by enacting new laws to support the governments call against terrorism. Representatives from both sectors must also coordinate with the legislators so that problem areas can be identified and can be resolved by means of legislative enactments or amendments to existing laws so that it can be more responsive to the needs and objectives of the existing collaborative partnerships.ReferencesBocobo, J. 2005, Community Policing as the Primary Prevention Strategy for Homeland Security at the Local legal philosophy Enforcement Level Homeland Security Aff airs. Retrieved on November 6, 2007, from http//www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=1.1.4Connors, E., W. Cunningham, P. Ohlhausen, L. Oliver, and C. Van Meter. 2000. OperationCooperation Guidelines. Washington, DC Bureau of Justice Assistance.Department of Homeland SecurityOffice for Domestic Preparedness. 2003. Office for Domestic Preparedness Guidelines for Homeland Security. Washington, DC DHS.Morabito and Greenberg, 2005 loving the Private Sector Law Enforcement and Private Security Partnerships, USDOJ. Retrieved on November 4, 2007, fromhttp//www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/bja/210678.pdf.Morriss, A. 2006 The Public-Private Security Partnership Counter Terrorism Considerations for Employers in a Post 9/11 World. Retrieved on November 4, 2007, fromhttp//www.hastingsblj.org/archive/volume2/files/number2/9_Morriss.pdf.The 9/11 Commission. 2004. The 9/11 Commission Report Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Official Government Edition. Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office.Parachini, J., Davis, L., Liston, T. 2003 Homeland Security A Compendium of Public and Private Organizations Policy Recommendations. Retrieved on November 6, 2007, from http//cipp.gmu.edu/archive/16_Randwhitepaper.pdfPelland, D. 2002 To help battle terrorism public and private sectors expand information sharing efforts. KPMGs Technology Insiders. Retrieved on November 5, 2007, fromhttp//www.itglobalsecure.com/pdf/third_party/020913KPMG_Insider.pdf