Thursday, December 26, 2019

Deceitfulness in The Scarlet Letter and The Catcher in...

The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, both are books relating to the alienation of an individual wanting to fit into society. In the Scarlet Letter, the protagonists, Hester Prynne and Reverend Dimmesdale have committed adultery which is a sin unacceptable in the Puritan Society. Hester is married to Chillingworth, the strange doctor who is out for revenge. Pearl is born to Hester, as an outcome of their sin however Hester does not reveal who the father is. She is obligated to wear the letter â€Å"A† on her chest, as Dimmesdale lives through his life remaining silent. In the book, Hawthorne shows the interactions of these characters and the reaction of these characters to Hester’s sin. In The†¦show more content†¦(Insert quote). Hester also does not believe that what she did was a sin since her and Chillingworth were never really married because they did not love each other. She even tells Chillingworth, â₠¬Å"thou knowest that I was drank with thee. I felt no love, nor feigned any†. This is hypocritical of Hester because she says she did not commit a sin but yet she wears the scarlet letter without a fight. If she hasn’t committed a sin, why wear it? In addition, Hester says to him, â€Å"What we did had a consecration of its own. We felt it so† (Hawthorne __). Chillingworth asks Hester not to reveal his identity to anyone and Hester agrees but she says she says she loves Dimmesdale (Hawthorne __). Thus, Hester could be blamed responsible for Dimmesdale’s pain caused by Chillingworth because if she truly did love Dimmesdale, she would have warned Dimmesdale about who Chillingworth really is to begin with. Arthur Dimmesdale, the minister with whom Hester committed adultery with, is looked upon as a sinless man. Kenneth Pimple, in his article â€Å"Subtle, but Remorseful Hypocrite†, he examines Dimmesdale’s actions throughout the book and discusses how Dimmesdale’s status in his community is advantageous to him. In the beginning of the book, Hester is put on a scaffold where she is asked to reveal the name of her partner. Dimmesdale is the one who tries to convince her by asking â€Å"what can thy silence do for him, except it tempt him†¦ as it were to add hypocrisy

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Edith Wharton Exposing Aristocratic Society Essay

Visualize being at a lovely dinner in New York City during the early 20th century and scrutinizing some of the most affluent people the city has to offer. Edith Wharton was able to witness all of the arrogance in New York during this time and put those observations into her novel, The House of Mirth. Edith Wharton was born on January 24th, 1862 into a prosperous New York family. She lived in an expensive area of New York and was primarily educated by governesses and personal tutors (Olin 72). Her family inspired the phrase â€Å"Keeping up with the Joneses† (Lee 22). Edith’s personal experiences have definitely had a huge impact on her writing. Her high social status, the Gilded Age in America, and her love for nature influenced Edith Wharton†¦show more content†¦When Wharton was four years old, her family escaped to Europe in order to avoid post-Civil War inflation. When she returned to New York in 1872, she was upset with the way the city looked. The mock-E uropean chateaux erected by the newly rich depressed her. New York City transformed from a town surrounded by lush farmland to a metropolis that attracted financiers and industrialists. (Singley 21). In The House of Mirth, Ned Van Alstyne (Lily’s cousin) is walking on Fifth Avenue and gives Lily a tour of Fifth Avenue and comments on the buildings: â€Å"Thats the next stage: the desire to imply that one has been to Europe, and has a standard. Im sure Mrs. Bry thinks her house a copy of the Trianon; in America every marble house with gilt furniture is thought to be a copy of the Trianon. What a clever chaps that architect is, though — how he takes his clients measure† (Wharton The House 169)! Social-climbing mothers who married their wealthy daughters off to impoverished European aristocrats disgusted Wharton. This was a trend amongst the people of New York’s noveau riche. An infamous example of these weddings was Consuelo Vanderbilt’s marriage to the Duke of Marlborough. Wharton knew of this wedding and the vast attention it brought. In House of Mirth, Percy Gryce becomes engaged to Evie Van Osburgh and it is obvious that the only reason they are getting married is to merge

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Elasticity of Demand free essay sample

Elasticity of demand, also known as price elasticity refers to the way people react to price changes. The greater the demand elasticity, the more sensitive people are to changes in pricing. The degree of demand of a product or service depends on its pricing. If the product is priced lower, it will experience high demand while a higher priced product may see lower demand. Generally, products such as cars, appliances, cosmetics and other non-essential items show elasticity of demand while food, medicine, clothing and other necessities display inelasticity of demand. Our survey consist various types of green teas which are Dilmah, Lipton and Ten Ren. All three products that we surveyed contained the same amount of tea bags which is 20 tea bags. Dilmah was priced at RM8. 00 which comes up to RM0. 40 cents a bag and Ten Ren was priced at RM8. 79 which comes up to RM0. 44 cents a bag while Lipton was priced at RM18. We will write a custom essay sample on Elasticity of Demand or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 40 making it RM0. 92 cents per bag. From this information itself, we can say that Dilmah and Ten Ren are similarly priced while Lipton is priced considerably high compared to Dilmah or Ten Ren. According to the concept of price elasticity of demand, a 10% rise in price will result in a more than 10% drop in quantity demanded if a product shows elasticity of demand. If a product show inelasticity of demand, a 10% rise in price will result in a less than 10% drop in quantity demanded. At the price range of RM8. 00 to RM8. 79, we assume that Dilmah and Ten Ren are products that show inelasticity of demand while Lipton priced much higher at RM18. 40 shows elasticity of demand. We argue that this is due to the nature of the good where Dilmah and Ten Ren are considered necessities while Lipton is considered a luxury because they are aim towards different markets. Dilmah, Ten Ren and Lipton are supposed to be similarly priced because all three brands are Green Tea and carry two bags each but the higher pricing of Lipton suggests otherwise. Substitutes are supposed to be similar in pricing. Therefore this justifies that Lipton is a luxury good and aimed for a higher market. A lot of close substitutes exists at similar pricing for Ten Ren and Dilmah such as BOH and Cameron who also offer Green Tea. At this market, when one product experiences a change in price, a substitute of the product will either experience an increase or decrease in quantity demanded depending on the nature of the price change. Therefore due to the availability of many close substitutes, demand is more elastic for Ten Ren and Dilmah. However for Lipton which is aimed at a different market, the existence of close substitutes are almost none. Hence, Lipton would show an inelasticity of demand. When the income of consumer increases, the share of budget increases. Therefore, consumers have the ability to choose more. Luxurious product can be also purchased depend on the consumers budget, then the quantity increase as well. Since, Lipton is luxury good, when our consumer’s income increase, they will choose Lipton instead of Dilamh and Ten Ren. Moreover, when the income of consumer decreases, share of budget also decreases. Therefore, they will not choose luxury product, they will choose more necessity product such as Dilmah and Ten Ren. http://www. ehow. com/info_12132333_advantages-elasticity-demand. tml http://www. investopedia. com/terms/c/complement. asp http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/elasticity-of-demand. html Complements are very important these days. Complement is a product that is used in together with another product. There are no fixed complements for green tea (Ten Ren, Dilmah, Lipton). However, some consumers use complements such as sugar or honey to go with their green tea. In this situation, a decrease in th e price of sugar or honey might lead to an increase of quantity demanded of green tea. ( Ten Ren, Dilmah, Lipton).

Monday, December 2, 2019

Theodore Roosevelts Inaugural Address Summary free essay sample

On September 6, 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated in Buffalo, New York. Theodore Roosevelt took over the presidency on September 14, 1901 in Buffalo. He did not give his inaugural address until 1905 when he would start his second term as president. He gave his speech in the capital of the United States, Washington D. C. In his speech, Theodore Roosevelt mainly spoke about how Americans should be pro-imperialism. He though it was every Americans duty to give other countries the same rights as they have. Roosevelt once said â€Å"Much has been given us, and much will rightfully be expected of us. † He is saying that every American should help out to try to spread the Democracy and Freedom that they received. He tells America that democracy is a great thing and some countries don’t have it, so it would be expected that the other countries would need assistance from America. He tries to convey that imperialism is helping another country out instead of taking it over. We will write a custom essay sample on Theodore Roosevelts Inaugural Address Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Roosevelt’s main goal in his speech was to get the people more involved with foreign affairs. He thought they needed to fulfill a duty and assist other countries in need of democracy. Throughout the whole address, Roosevelt is speaking to the general populace of America. He tells them the whole speech to become more involved in foreign affairs. Roosevelt’s Address was definitely effective. He made people realize that foreign affairs were a national interest. He was able to build the Panama Canal and was able to build the U. S. Navy to protect from future invaders from other countries. Roosevelt’s goal of foreign policies being dealt with by the people was accomplished due to the fact that the people became more involved with foreign affairs.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Sanitary conditions in Mauritius slaughter houses Essays

Sanitary conditions in Mauritius slaughter houses Essays Sanitary conditions in Mauritius slaughter houses Essay Sanitary conditions in Mauritius slaughter houses Essay Introduction A abattoir, besides known as an butchery is a topographic point where animate beings are sacrificed for nutrient. It can besides be defined as any premises used for the slaughter of animate beings whose meat is intended for human ingestion. The slaughtering of animate beings for community ingestion is inevitable in most states of the universe and dated back to the ancient times ( Bello and Oyedemi, 2009 ) . Public slaughter houses had been traced to Roman civilisation and in France by 15th and 16th centuries, and were among the populace installations. In Italy, a jurisprudence from 1890 stipulated that public butchery should be provided in all communities comprisingof more than six 1000 dwellers. Similar things were reported in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands and Rumania ( Jode Loverdo et Al. 1906 ) . The animate beings most normally killed for nutrient are cowss, sheep ( for caprine animal and mouton ) , hogs ( for porc ) , caprine animals ( for chevon ) , and poultry, mostly chickens, Meleagris gallopavos, and ducks, for domestic fowl meat. The most of import issue in all meat-processing workss is care of proper hygiene and equal healthful conditions to forestall taint and in this manner caters for a merchandise which is safe and sound for the populace. An butchery as defined above is a edifice approved and registered by the controlling authorization for hygienic slaughtering and review of animate beings, processing and effectual saving and storage of meat merchandises for human ingestion ( Alonge, 1991 ) , as such the sanitation line in a slaughter house must be flawless. Butchering animate beings on a big graduated table brings about important proficient jobs and public wellness concerns. Furthermore, some faiths insist on certain specific conditions for butchering patterns so that slaughter within slaughter houses may alter. As such butcheries commence the concatenation of the meat industry, where farm animal come from farms for processing and dressing and passes through markets to come in the nutrient concatenation ( Wikipedia Encyclopedia ) . The values, ethical motives, moralss and ordinances governing slaughter houses changes significantly throughout the universe. In several states the slaughter of animate beings is delimited by folklore and traditions alternatively of the jurisprudence. In the non-Western universe, including Moslem states both signifiers of meat are gettable, that is merchandise from modern mechanized slaughter houses, and the other from local meat stores. The state of affairs in Mauritius is typically representative of the struggle between modern procedures and spiritual patterns with respects to the slaughtering of animate beings for the supply of meat to the population. Over the last few decennaries at that place have been of import developments meat review systems in slaughter houses. As compared to the most extremely developed states which have taken the lead in conveying about alterations in the meat review processs in abattoirs by ordaining new statute laws ( These new Torahs have been reproduced by the Codex Alimentarius in its Codes of Good Practice and this resulted in the homogenisation of the universe trade in groceries ) ( Schnoller, 2006 ) , we, on the national degree, are covering with a more pious expression over the slaughtering industry which is delimited by spiritual patterns. As per the statute law enforced in Mauritius, the Mauritius Meat Authority is the lone establishment empowered to cover with the slaughtering of animate beings. Purpose The purpose of the survey is to transport out an appraisal on the healthful conditions predominating in slaughter houses in Mauritius. Aims The chief intent of this study is to cognize to what extent are the workingmans of slaughter houses aware of importance of healthful patterns and what it entails, to see if healthful patterns are respected and analyze the possible path by which taint by infective micro beings may happen in slaughter houses. LITERATURE REVIEW Sanitation in the slaughter house Thewordsanitationcomesfromthelatinwordsanitas, whichmeans wellness , it has many different significances but it can be by and large defined as the hygienic agencies of advancing wellness through bar of human contact with the jeopardies of wastes. Such jeopardies can be physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease ( Wikipedia Encyclopedia ) . The slaughter house should be constructed in such a manner as to esteem all the norms and ordinances and planned such that all procedures runs swimmingly without polluting or impeding the quality of the terminal merchandise. Chiefly there are several cardinal factors that a slaughter house should detect to be able to fulfill the necessary conditions which will lend to adequate sanitation for the bar of taint. Proper INFRASTRUCTURES AND PLANNING OF THE SLAUGHTER HOUSE Site of edifice Ideally the abattoir should be located off from residential countries to forestall possible incommodiousness to dwelling-places either by manner of pollution from slaughter wastes or by manner of nuisance from noise ( FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 49 ) . There must be free entree for animate beings to the site by route and the abattoir should be situated in countries where implosion therapy is improbable to go on. If the abattoir is of regular edifices building the land should be free of shrubs or flora in the locality of the construction ( FAO, 1985 ) . Size The sum of animate beings to be slaughtered should take into history the the size of slaughter installation and the figure of animate beings to be slaughtered is of great importance to avoid healthful jobs due to overcrowding ( Tove, 1985 ) . Building / installation The edifice or installation of such procedure has usually been described as topographic points which stands for good sanitation and hygiene. Harmonizing to the norms qualifying such procedure the edifice should usually hold clean and dirty procedures separated. Walls and Floors The flooring of the installation which is one of the major beginning of taint must be difficult, free of clefts, equally leveld and imperviable, and inclining adequately towards a drain to let cleaning with H2O and disinfection. The walls as good must be smooth adequate to be easy cleaned by H2O, and recommended stuffs are, for case, rock, lava blocks, bricks or concrete. To supply shadiness, a good environment and eventually to maintain down the internal temperature in the slaughter line, a roof made up of concrete would be ideal ( P.J. Eriksen, 1978 ) . illuming system As a affair of hygiene, the abattoir should hold a proper lighting system inside the slaughter line to let proper operation and avoid accidents and moreover will move as a hindrance to insects and gnawers. Ventilation system The internal temperature inside the slaughter house shall be maintained to forestall proliferation of unwanted micro beings and besides to provide for a good working environment. Equipment Equipment for undergoing such procedure, usually have to follow certain norm and ordinance, it has been reported that such equipments have to be of non-corrosive stuffs, for illustration chromium steel steel and constructions like tabular arraies, maulerss and machines should be that they are easy to dismantle to ease cleansing and disinfection. The cardinal measure for the hygienic handling of carcases is the equipment for promoting the carcase when slaughtered. In the processing line Cranes are preferred to working tabular arraies due to hygienic patterns. Procedures guaranting uninterrupted cleansing of hoists are recommended and should be performed on a periodical footing. However the cleansing and disinfection is normally complicated or merely impossible because of the complexness of the machines ( Tove, 1985 ) . Water supply Water is a vehicle for the transmittal of several agents of disease and continues to do important eruptions of disease in developed and developing states ( Kirby, 2003 ) . A cholera epidemic in Jerusalem in 1970 was traced back to the ingestion of salad veggies which were irrigated with natural waste H2O ( Shuval, 1986 ) . In Canada, an eruption of E.coli was reported ( Kondro, 2000 ) and In the USA, Cryptosporidium affected about 400,000 consumers and caused 45 deceases and in 1993 due to the ingestion of contaminated H2O ( Kramer, 1996, Hoxie, 1997 ) . Since slaughtering is a procedure which generates a batch of wastes, to provide for the good running of the procedures and minimise taint, there should be a good supply of H2O of imbibing quality to let processing and cleansing processs which will guarantee hygienic quality merchandises. Working modus operandis should be planned in such a manner as to economically utilize the ingestion of H2O because of waste H2O disposal ( Tove, 1985 ) . Sanitary installations Several H2O points, autoclaves for manus tools, hosieries and cleaning equipment is the key to supply a good criterion of hygiene and must be provided sufficiently. The handiness of hot H2O in penchant to chemical germicides should be supplied with the autoclaves where possible ( Tove, 1985 ) . Sanitary installations must besides include an equal figure of lavatories and agreements for hand-washing and even for bathing ( lavishing ) . Such installations must be clean and good maintain at all times and the lavatories should possess manus wash basins along with soap, germicides, antiseptics, nailbrushes and clean towels readily available. A muss room for resting and eating should be provided to the staff and as such be separated from the processing line to guarantee that the carcases and the nutrient for the forces can non be assorted ( FAO animate being production and wellness paper ; 53 ) . ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE As in all sectors of hygiene, the external and internal environment of the slaughter house should be protected against any infestation. Insects, birds and gnawers have been recognized as of import bearers of pathogens and other micro beings ( Olsen and Hammack, 2000 ) . To avoid these, a rigorous control should be exerted over the followers: Plagues Control Good Hygienic Practices ( GMP ) should be employed to avoid bring forthing an environment favourable to plagues ( CAC, 1997 ) . A control system for plague control must include the undermentioned: Good Hygienic Practices should be used to avoid making an environment conducive to plagues Pest control plans could include forestalling entree to principle site, extinguishing harborage and set uping monitoring sensing and obliteration systems. Physical, chemical and biological agents should be decently applied by appropriately qualified forces. Souce: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y1579E/y1579e02.htm Proper fence The purpose is to forestall entree of unauthorised individuals, the populace in general, Canis familiariss and other animate beings around the abattoir premises. The fence should hold direct contact with the land and should be sufficiently high to forestall entree inside the premises. Bird control The best control is to forestall them from accessing the edifices by puting cyberspaces on the gaps and Windowss. Leting birds to wing inside the slaughter house might do taint through its dungs. Bird are frequently attracted by nutrient supplies, H2O, particular flora around edifices, and these attractants should be removed. SLAUGHTERING Processing The trademark for hygiene rule in processing is that the processs considered as clean and considered as dirty should be expeditiously separated. This requires a well-structured works layout, where the intent of any construction should be the protection of the terminal merchandise against inadvertent taint ( Tove, 1985 ) . Conveyance The animate beings are hauled from grazing lands or farms to the abattoir. All necessary safeguards during transit should be considered to minimise emphasis and hurt to the animate beings and as such will provide for the good quality of the terminal merchandise ( Tove, 1985 ) . Road conveyance is likely the cheaper and more convenient agencies for conveying animate beings. Below are some safeguards that are worthwhile during route transporting of the animate beings to butcher: The conveyance installation should be designed and modified to convey the stock ; they should supply for sufficient airing and lighting ; for unfastened trucks the top should be covered with a tarpaulin to protect the animate beings from bad conditions conditions, they should be equipped with appropriate burden and droping mechanisms to forestall hurts, and most significantly ; they should be every bit comfy as possible for the animate beings. Beginning: FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 49, Manual for the slaughter of little ruminants in developing states, 1985. Lairage Lairage is a topographic point where farm animal are kept temporarily ( Microsoft Encarta 2008 ) and in our present state of affairs is a specific country inside the premises of a slaughter house where the animate beings are conveyed for remainder. Rest is an of import factor because when animate beings are stressed, carcases of lower quality consequence from slaughter. There should be sufficient infinite for the animate beings and a good supply of drinkable H2O for imbibing intents. A lavation system where the animate beings can be cleaned before go throughing to the slaughter house is by and large recommended ( FAO animate being production and wellness paper ; 53 ) . Beginning: Heinz G, Abattoir development. Options and designs for hygienic basic and moderate-sized butcheries, 2009 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fao.org, Annex 7 ) . Stuning, butchering and shed blooding Common methods for stupefying consists of: Captive Bolt Pistol ( CBP ) This arresting method is extensively used for all agricultural animate beings. Gun pulverization ( cartridge ) , compressed air and spring under tenseness propels the bolt through the skull of animate beings. The name captive agencies that the bolt is shot out of the barrel but remains in the handgun. Concussion stunning: A automatically operated instrument which delivers a blow to the encephalon. Used for cowss, sheep and calves. Another method which consisted of strike harding or striking a cock on the caput of the animate being is now banned with respects to humane patterns in some states. Free slugs: are by and large used on animate beings which are hard to manage for case, wild hogs, bison and cervid. Electric Stuning Head-Only Stunning: by and large cowss, sheep, porc and are all stunned by the usage of this method. The technique involves the application an electric daze utilizing a brace of tongs on either side of the animate being s caput. An electric current is passed through the encephalon and this leads to the impermanent loss of consciousness. Beginning: The Slaughter of Livestock ( portion 2 ) : Modern Techniques of Butchering by M.Abdulsalam ( www.IslamReligion.com ) . Butchering and Bleeding After stupefying, the animate being is vertically hanged raising the animate being ( head down ) to a convenient tallness. The hemorrhage operation is made by infixing a knife through the cervix behind the jaw bone and below the first cervix bone. The purpose is to break up the carotid arteria and jugular vena ( Pig slaughtering, www.Hyfoma.com ) and allow the blood to run out out. The exsanguination procedure should be as fast and complete as possible due to hygienic norms since insufficient hemorrhage and decelerate decease could ensue in blood curdling in the deep tissues and this might be risky in the ulterior phases of butchering. Elevation hemorrhage is more hygienic and is preferred other options as it decreases the possible hazard of polluting the carcase ( Heinz, 2008 ) . This procedure is normally separated from the operations which will follow. If the blood is non intended for usage it should be drained off into a separate cavity and should non be allowed to run out into the waste H2O ( Tove, 1985 ) . Clambering /dehairing The procedure will change harmonizing to animate being ( hogs and cowss ) . Such procedure consists of taking the tegument of animate beings. Cuting of the tegument is made around the leg with the position of exposing and loosen the sinew of the animate being s lower leg articulation to be used for hanging the carcase, following which the full tegument is removed and the organic structure is prepared for evisceration ( Heinz, 2008 ) . This procedure is normally meant for cowss, caprine animal, cervid and sheep. Whereas dehairing is a procedure usually done in the slaughter of hogs which consists of let go ofing the bled animate being into a pool of boiling H2O for a twosome of proceedingss and so drawing it out for remotion of the hairs before continuing for evisceration. Evisceration Evisceration is the procedure which consists of taking the internal variety meats of the abdominal and pectoral pits. The internal variety meats are besides known as offal and they falls into two classs: Red offal such as the bosom, liver and lungs ( gutsiness ) . Grey offal such as the tummy or bowel ( belly ) . To avoid taint of the carcase through inadvertent punctures of the bowels and tummy, it is of import that the carcase is placed in the hanging place. The organic structure pit is severed and the enteric mass and the tummy ( the belly ) are pushed somewhat out. The liver is held out attention is taken non to slop its acrimonious contents onto the carcase and as such spoil the gustatory sensation of the meat. The last phase in evisceration is the remotion of the contents from the chest pit. By cutting the stop which separates the pectoral pit from the belly, the gutsiness can be pulled out as a unit ( Heinz, 2008 ) . Escape from the rectum is prevented by binding the anus with a procedure called sacking . Dividing and paring The carcase is cut down along the anchor and split into two sides utilizing a brisket proverb and is so subjected to review from an authorised officer for sensing of diseases. Trimming is a procedure that should be performed by trained employees and consists of the remotion of seeable taint. All equipment ( maulerss and knives ) should be sanitized between each usage to cut down cross-contamination between countries. Carcases which have been railed out for seeable taint, such as faecal taint, should be re-conditioned every bit rapidly as possible to acquire the carcase through the procedure and back into the system ( Harris and Savell et al. , 2003 ) . Delivery After undergoing all procedures in the slaughter line, the carcase is weighed and eventually labeled for designation and send for bringing on the local markets. Precaution THAT HAVE TO BE MAINTAINED IN THE SLAUGHTERING PROCESS AS PER HEINZ ( 2008 ) INVOLVES THE Following: Disinfection on come ining the premises Every clip an authorised officer or member of the staff is to come in the slaughter house, he should undergo a procedure of disinfection by dunking his boots in a footbath, which is a basin situated at each entryway of the slaughter line, to avoid transporting infective agents that might lodge to the boots via dirt atoms. Bleeding and exsanguinations The knife used to butcher each animate being should be cleaned and rinsed in hot H2O. It is known that a contaminated knife can go through on bacteriums into the carnal tissues during the initial phases of hemorrhage, that is, when the bosom is still in pumping. Clambering Knife skinning and the usage of bare custodies can likewise hosts polluting beings on the surface of the carcase. As such lavation of the custodies is a must after the transition of each carcase to avoid taint of same. Evisceration Extreme attention should be emphasized on non to puncture the bowels. The slaughtermen should follow the process of binding the terminal portion of the bowel and the cut off terminal of the gorge, so taking bowel and tummy foremost, followed by the gutsiness ( bosom, liver, and lungs of an animate being used as meat, Microsoft Encarta, 2008 ) . The gutsiness should be hung on a hook while the belly ( tummy ) should be dropped in a paunch container. As a affair of hygiene, the tummy and bowels should non be processed while carcase dressing is in operation as any minor splash from same can easy do taint of the meat. Washing Is a procedure by which the carcases undergoes rinsing with clean drinkable H2O. If H2O is a job so a dry slaughter procedure by trained slaughtermen should be used every bit alternate as it is more appropriate as a safety step for carcases to be dry clean than to pollute them with contaminated H2O. Offal handling The offals ( tummy and bowels ) are the variety meats from the carcase which contains the greatest burden of infective beings and for preventative step must be moved to a detached chamber provided for them. At first they should be emptied of their contents, dried, so cleansed with H2O. Forces The personal hygiene of the workingmans is a aboriginal factor in butchering operations, the ground is merely that taint of nutrient and disease transmittal as such depend equivalently upon the human factor every bit good as on the tools and manner of operation. Transportation of micro-organisms by forces peculiarly from custodies is of critical importance ( Chen et al.2001, Montville, 2001, Bloomfield, 2003 ) . During managing, bacteriums are transferred from contaminated custodies of workers to the nutrient and later to other surfaces ( Montville, 2002 ) . Low infective doses of beings such as shigella and infective Escherichia coli have been linked to custodies as a beginning of taint ( Snyder, 1998 ) . Poor hygiene, peculiarly deficient or absence of manus lavation has been identified as the causative manner of transmittal ( Reji, 2003 ) . Proper manus lavation and disinfection has been recognized as one of the most effectual ways to command the spread of pathogens, particularly when considered along with the limitation of ill workers ( Alder, 1999, Montville, 2001 ) . Furthermore individuals with unhygienic wonts like ptyalizing, coughing and nose-blowing should non be under umployment. As such it is of import to let entree merely to the staff into the premises at the clip of slaughter and they should be have oning the proper garb, e.g. clean pants and have oning appropriate rainproof aprons. Boots as good should be worn with the pants neatly folded interior. And the trademark is that the workers must purely stay to a formal codification of hygiene. Hand-washing As stated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) : It is well-documented that one of the most of import steps for forestalling the spread of pathogens is effectual manus rinsing ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_washing ) . Basically the good wont of careful and frequent hand-washing will decidedly cut down taint. Therefore hand-washing installations with sufficient H2O supply is a must in such a delicate procedure of this sort. Basically the muss room and the on the job country is where there should be several hand-washing points. If it is situated off from working topographic points, the hazard that they will non be used is higher and would likely ensue in taint of the meat ( Tove, 1985 ) . Hand-washing should be done by all members if the on the job staff: before get downing slaughter after being to the lavatories after being into contact with soiled objects and stuffs after smoking and eating The staff should understand that hands is prone to taint if used for rubing the tegument, the hair, apparels and picking the nose. Such Acts of the Apostless may do bacteriums to be transmitted to the custodies and thenceforth infect the meat which is handled by the same custodies. The direction of slaughter house should supply antiseptic soap or germicidal, coupled with the usage of coppice for rinsing of custodies since bacteriums are frequently under the nails ( FAO animate being production and wellness paper ; 53 ) . Cleaning Operationss For the intent of sanitation clean H2O is normally required for the cleansing of equipment, tools floors and walls. Such operation usually starts with remotion of solid waste of meat and fat fixingss, pieces of castanetss, blood coagulums by scouring them off the floor. High force per unit area H2O cleaning Begins from the walls and eventually ends with the floors. Hot H2O hosing under force per unit area would be ideal for taking gluey waste from corners and drains. For scouring of other surfaces such as tabular arraies, and tools, the usage of difficult fiber coppices and detergents is suggested. Liquid detergents are more effective than ordinary soaps, since they dissolve easy in H2O while absorbing soil, which is eventually removed by blushing. Powdered soap may besides be dissolved in H2O and used. Knifes besides should be sterilized or boiled in H2O. Beginning: FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 49, Manual for the slaughter of little ruminants in developing states, 1985. DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH UNHYGIENIC SLAUGHTERING There are many different ways by which an infective being can do its manner through the slaughtering procedure of animate beings and do really subsequent diseases. Below is some of the common diseases related to slaughter houses: There are many different ways by which an infective being can do its manner through the slaughtering procedure of animate beings and do really subsequent diseases. Below is some of the common diseases related to slaughter houses: Anthrax is a naturally-occurring bacterial disease of animate beings caused by Bacillus anthracis, which forms spores that by and large survive for old ages in the environment. Cattle, sheep, and caprine animals are at the highest hazard but worlds can besides contract the disease. Most animate beings are infected by unwritten consumption of dirt contaminated with the spores. Peoples may get splenic fever when in contact with septic fells or hair of animate beings. The being is inhaled from contaminated dust, or is eaten in undercooked meat from septic animate beings, or even penetrates a lesion in the tegument. Animals that died of splenic fever may hold blood secreted from the oral cavity, nose, and anus ( Pelzer.K and Currin.N ) . In butchering procedure, the bacteriums can be transferred from fells of septic animate beings to the fells of the healthy 1s during the immediate pre-slaughter stage in lairage ( Small and Buncic, 2009 ) . As such if no peculiar safeguard is taken when taking the fells, the chance of polluting the carcase is really high. Brucellosis Brucellosis is an infective disease caused by contact with animate beings transporting bacteriums called Brucella which affects a broad assortment of animate beings including Canis familiariss, cowss, hogs, sheep, caprine animals and Equus caballuss. The disease has been known as Malta febrility, Bang s disease, Mediterranean febrility, stone febrility, and caprine animal febrility ( Microsoft Encarta, 2008 ) . Worlds can be infected if in contact with septic meat or placenta of septic animate beings. The slaughter of undetected a morbid animate being is a menace since taint may ensue if, for case, blood from the septic carcase came into contact with the knife of the slaughterman and the same knife is being used for treating another clean carcase during the slaughtering. In instance of consumption of septic meat, symptoms in worlds are rippling febrility, concern, joint hurting, failing, and dark workout suits ( Pelzer.K and Currin.N ) . Peoples who handle meat should have on PPE such as protective spectacless and vesture for protection of lesions from infection. Detecting septic animate beings prior to butcher controls the infection at its beginning. Vaccination is really available for cowss, but non worlds ( Franco et al, Goldman et al. 2007 ) . Escherichia coli Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) are bacteriums which is usually found as a normal vegetation in the bowels of people and animate beings. One can acquire infected after managing or being exposed to fecal matters of a bearer animate being ( Pelzer.K and Currin.N ) . Animals normally carry it without doing disease nevertheless when worlds are infected, the toxins causes serious unwellness which ranges from diarrhea to kidney failure. Personal hygiene is really of import, peculiarly after contact with carnal fecal matters, since really few beings are required to do infection in worlds ( Stevenson and Hughes, 1988 ) . E-coli can be easy pollute the carcase in the slaughtering procedure if ; for case the worker does non rinse his custodies after being to the lavatory, the bacteriums will be transferred when managing the meat. attention is non taken at the evisceration measure when eviscerating the carcase, as such if the bowels get perforated and enteric affair comes into contact with the meat ( Heinz, 2008 ) Prevention focuses on manus lavation and proper hygiene. Handss and all equipments should be decently disinfected after touching or managing natural meat ( Pelzer.K and Currin.N ) . Salmonellosis ( Gastroenteritis ) Salmonella sp. are bacteriums that live in the enteric piece of land of bearer animate beings. The bacteriums are shed into the fecal matters of animate beings which are peculiarly stressed during stairss such as being yarded and transported ( Stevenson and Hughes, 1988 ) . As in E-coli taint, salmonella can be transferred to the carcase in the slaughtering line by: slaughtermen who are managing meat after being to the lavatory without proper manus lavation, faecal affair being in contact with the meat at the evisceration procedure, if the anus is non bagged decently, and besides if the bowels get punctured upon remotion and enteric affair is in contact with the meat. If custodies are non decently washed after contact with septic fecal matters, the inadvertent consumption of bacteriums may happen ( Pelzer.K and Currin.N ) . Infection besides occurs as a consequence of equipments that are insanitary. Symptoms by and large includes febrility, disgusting smelling diarrhoea, and terrible desiccation, particularly in immature kids and babies. Dangerous diseases like meningitis and blood poisoning may besides happen ( Montes and DuPont, 2004 ) . Q-fever ( Query fever ) Q febrility is a bacterial infection that can impact the lungs, liver, bosom, and other parts of the organic structure. It is found around the universe and is caused by the bacteriums Coxiella burnetii. The bacterium affects sheep, caprine animals, cowss, Canis familiariss, cats, birds and gnawers every bit good as some other animate beings ( Goldman and Ausiello, 2007 ) . Humans usually get febrility, dark workout suits, and pneumonia and hepatitis in the worst instances ( Pelzer.K and Currin.N ) . Abattoir workers ( peculiarly those covering with fetuss ) , veterinaries and farm workers ) are the people who are most at hazard of undertaking this disease ( Stevenson and Hughes, 1988 ) . In butchering meat can be contaminated in the procedure of evisceration whereby fecal matters of contaminated animate beings have been transferred to the custodies of the slaughterman which in bend contaminates other healthy carcases. To forestall farther spread of Q febrility, dead foetuss and generative tissues should be buried or burned. Wearing of protective equipment such as baseball mitts and eyewear ( PPE ) when helping in parturitions and lavation of custodies exhaustively subsequently are extremely recommended ( Pelzer.K and Currin.N ) . LAWS PERTAINING TO THE SLAUGHTERING INDUSTRY IN MAURITIUS Presents non all people are entitled to butcher animate beings as it used to be in the yesteryear. There are norms and criterion which have been set up by the necessary authorization to vouch the safety of the terminal merchandise to the populace. As such in each state there is an establishment which is responsible for keeping this trademark. In our present state of affairs the modulating organic structure responsible for butchering in Mauritius is the MAURITIUS MEAT AUTHORITY ( MMA ) . The chief lines of the duties of this organic structure ( as stated in the Meat Act 1974 ) lies in the slaughter, dressing and transit of cowss, caprine animals, hogs, sheep and cervid meat to the local markets and for the issue of licenses of meat stores and to individuals and premises in connexion with slaughter of animate beings for meat. The Meat Authority was established by the Meat Act 1974 under subdivision 3 for the intent of carry throughing the undermentioned operations ( as stated in the Act ) : Ensure that slaughter is done in line with hygienic, healthful and environmental norms. Ensure that lone carcases fit for human ingestion are released for sale. Operate a fleet of meat new waves for bringing of carcases. License individuals and premises for the sale of fresh meat. Aid in the selling of locally produced meat. Help the parent Ministry in modulating the imports of farm animal for slaughter. Act as facilitator to all members of the meat farm animal industry. And under subdivision 4 of the same Act, the powers of the Meat Authority are to: set up and pull off butcheries: purchase and import farm animal for slaughter ; market meat, meat merchandises and byproducts of the slaughtering procedure ; concept, maintain, and rent topographic points for the sale of meat, meat merchandises or byproducts of the slaughtering procedure ; control and modulate the sale of meat and meat merchandises ; license individuals and premises in connexion with the slaughter of animate beings for meat, and the readying, processing, wadding and selling of meat ; with the blessing of the Minister of Commerce and Industry, fix the monetary value of meat and meat merchandises. Health AND SAFETY CONTROL Harmonizing to Section 5, PART II, of theOccupational Safety and Health Act 2005( Appendix 2 ) employers must supply employees with a safe working environment, and harmonizing to Section 14 of theDuties of employees of Occupational Safety and Health Act 2005, employees should utilize Personal Protective Equipment ( PPE ) includes caput caps, gum elastic boots, aprons, baseball mitts, inhalators, goggles while executing work where there could be injury hazards. Therefore both employers and employees must stay to these Torahs severally. A First Aid Kit Box should be available on site in instance of hurt. Methodology Approach For this undertaking, audiences of related web sites, books, notes and scientific diaries in certification Centres have been carried out. Information assemblage was made possible by questioning officers and staff in the field of butchering and upon the site visits to three different slaughter houses ( as there are merely three major slaughter houses which are entitled to the slaughtering of animate beings in Mauritius as per the Meat Act 1974 ) , to help at the processing and dressing stairss of the slaughtering of cowss, caprine animal, cervid and hog. A study was carried out in the different slaughter houses whereby all the staff of the cardinal butchery ( beef slaughter house = 41, caprine animal slaughter house =17 and hog abattoir =22 ) was interviewed. The usage of interviews as a information aggregation started with the premise that the participants positions are meaningful and precise. Interviews consisted of meticulously elaborated inquiries with chief mark of obtaining information on the province of the slaughter houses, the norms and criterions governing the slaughtering processes in relation to healthful patterns. Information aggregation All interviews were done face to confront in Creole and it took approximately 20 proceedingss per interview. All respondents were really acute to take part in replying the inquiries with the exclusion of certain who were loath. Utmost attention was taken so that all the inquiries were clearly understood by the interviewers as any misinterpretation might lend to inaccuracies in the information collected. Problems encountered The slaughter houses could non supply me with information as to how much meat is processed on a annual footing which might be an jussive mood of the disposal. In a position to avoid biasness from the staff interviewed, several surprise visits had to be effected to corroborate their replies to the questionnaires. As such the study lasted for about 12 hebdomads. RESULTS AND FINDINGS All the observations and result that follows resulted from several site visits and interviews carried out at the cardinal butchery over a period of approximately 12 hebdomads to measure the healthful conditions predominating in the different slaughter houses. The chief edifice comprises of three different slaughter houses for butchering of cowss ( beef ) , caprine animal ( besides sheep and cervid ) and hog, together with their several bringing services. Due to societal, cultural and spiritual grounds, each subdivision of the butchery is manned by a separate squad of workers and, as such, there is no flexibleness of the staff between the different slaughter houses. The consequences have been sub-divided into different classs and are as follows: Site of edifice and substructure The premises of the butchery is enclosed by a concrete wall of about 3 metres in tallness. The lone entree to the slaughter house is through the forepart gate which is guarded by a security officer. As such unauthorised people, the populace in general, Canis familiariss and other animate beings can non near the site. Floors and Walls Degree centigrades: UsersGro La ZouDesktopproject serious nowAbattoir+ wedd yohanDSC01914.JPGIt was noted that the walls and floors of the three slaughter houses have been constructed in the same manner and were made up of concrete. Furthermore, they were covered with a thick xanthous anti-slippery picture which allows easy cleansing. The walls are besides recovered by a Grey painting which facilitates the cleansing processes. As per observation it was noted that the walls from the three slaughter houses were free from clefts and crevices. Drains Degree centigrades: UsersGro La ZouDesktopproject serious nowAbattoir+ wedd yohanDSC01914.JPGThe floors have been designed in such a manner that it slopes down towards a cardinal drain situated in the center of the slaughter line in both the beef, caprine animal and hog slaughter houses. It is big plenty to let all wastewaters ( waste H2O and faecal affairs ) to be easy washed off. Furthermore the drain can besides be easy cleansed since the metallic screen is removable. Equipments All the equipments provided in the slaughter houses consist of non-corrosive stuffs, by and large made up of chromium steel steel. Water supply The cardinal butchery is provided with an external H2O pump which distributes a really good H2O supply to the different slaughter houses. There is no deficit or decrease in the supply of H2O to the butchery therefore leting the slaughter houses to work at full government without break and moreover cleansing processs can be carried out decently. A good airing is provided inside all the slaughter houses. The beef slaughter line consists of broad gaps situated on the walls above 2 metres from the floor and they are fitted with fly cogent evidence gauzes together with several air extractors ( see the circles in the exposure ) whereas the caprine animal and hog slaughter houses have merely extractors as airing. Sanitary installations Upon several site visits to the different slaughter houses, It was noted that each slaughter house is provided with lavatories which are separated from the slaughter line and sanitizers and germicides for custodies are placed at the diaposal of the staff together with soaps. Furthermore, they were found to be in a comparatively clean province. The lone subtraction is that there is no proviso for hot H2O in these lavatories. Shower installations are besides given to the staff as a affair of hygiene and these besides are separated from the slaughter lines. Environmental hygiene The cardinal butchery is really undertaking a private company for gnawer and pest control. The responsible officers of the several slaughter houses have confirmed that gnawer control is carried out on a monthly footing. It was besides noted that come-ons and traps were placed in several different topographic points in the slaughter houses premises. A wire gauze is really placed above the corridor of the beef slaughter house to forestall birds and other animate beings to entree inside the slaughter line. Furthermore all Windowss present are fitted with fly proof cyberspaces. Cleaning processs To keep a good criterion of sanitation in the different slaughter houses, cleaning operations are carried out several times per twenty-four hours. During the site visits it was noted that the cleaning of the slaughter line was done, utilizing a high force per unit area hydro jet industrial machine, after each batch of slaughtered animate beings. And at the terminal of each working twenty-four hours a general lavation was done utilizing a chemical germicide ( Cernol ADP ) for the floor. Percept OF HYGIENE BY THE STAFF As per the study, the bulk of the employees of the slaughter houses has been up to the primary degree of instruction ( see table below ) and by and large they seems to hold a comparatively good cognition of what is hygiene, which is explained by their on the job experience. Discussion The first purpose of this study was to see to what extent healthful patterns are held in slaughter houses and besides to hold an overview of the perceptual experience of hygienic processs in same. The general conditions of the sanitation with respects to the care of the cleanliness on the slaughter line of the different slaughter houses is done in position of supplying an good working environment and a topographic point which is unfavourable to the taint of animate being carcases since the policy of the cardinal butchery is to supply a safe merchandise to the populace. It should be pointed out that slaughter houses are topographic points where there is changeless presence of organic structure fluids, waste H2O and other possible contaminations and that taint of carnal carcases during slaughtering may took topographic point if the processing equipment or members of the forces are already loaded with infective bacteriums. But in contrast, it is besides possible that the farm animal were already contaminated before geting at the butchery since unrecorded animate beings are regarded as of import beginnings of taint in abattoirs ( Bouvet et al. 2003 ) . A recent survey showed that harbourage of Escherichia coli and Salmonella on animate being fells at slaughter is the chief beginning of carcase taint during processing ( Arthur et al. 2007 ) . This bring about the importance of taking attention for non wounding and doing the animate beings to be stressed during transit since they might stool and as such be contaminated with the above mentioned pathogens which are of course present in fecal matters. Furthermore many surveies such as the one carried out by Montville ( 2002 ) established that during handling, bacteriums may be transferred from contaminated custodies of workers to nutrient and later to other surfaces. This point is really of import since the forces of the slaughter houses can be straight responsible for the taint of the slaughtered carcases. For case it should be stressed that the slaughter house forces is to stay by a codification of hygiene to avoid such taint. Surely if one staff has been to the lavatories and afterwards resumed his responsibility on the slaughter line without proper manus lavation and get down pull stringsing carnal carcases, evidently the hazard of taint with E-coli or salmonella. But upon what have been observed during the site visits, there is a deficiency of proper cognition of the good hygienic patterns, to be used in butcheries, from the working staff of the slaughter houses. The forces is witting that they are working with for the populace and that they should supply good hygienic merchandise. The fact is that they observe personal hygiene refering to their egos but really they are non cognizant of the true effects of an action like, for case rinsing off blood from the floor of the slaughter line or equipment with a hosiery while carcases are still being dressed will hold ( from observations made on the processing and dressing line see the fig. below ) .There might be splashes which will come onto contact with the carcase and this finally can do taint. The ground for which the forces is working like this is due to the fact that they have been working in the slaughter houses since really long when the cardinal butchery has merely been set up in 1974 ( see the tabular arraies below for working experience in the butchery and the age group of the staff ) . Most of the staff is more than 40 old ages of age, so finally at that clip there was no rigorous control as it is nowadays sing hygiene at work and furthermore as per the consequences there is a great bulk of the forces who does non possess a medical certification, which show that they have non undergone preparation on good hygienic patterns for nutrient handling. There are besides several small inside informations that have been noticed like transporting the gutsiness of animate beings in platic crates. This is a normal action for presenting the meat after being inspected by a veterinary officer, but the point is that puting the crate straight on the floor ( as shown in the diagram ) which filled with infective beings will decidedly do taint of the merchandise and as such is Not recommended should be avoided at all cost. Decision The truth is that taint is likely to go on at any phase of the slaughtering procedure, get downing from the transit to the terminal of the slaughter and dressing to the concluding bringing. Lack of appropriate and unsatisfactory butchering techniques may do unneeded losingss in meat. However the most likely beginning of taint is the forces since they are the possible beginning of coliform in contact with the meat. Actually we can state that bacteriums can be transferred by the forces to the carcases and later to other surfaces which itself can do farther taint or frailty versa. The last word would be that taint can be limited and minimized if the staff is adhering to strict hygienic and healthful patterns. Recommendations Improvements are needed in slaughter houses construction and installings, in the manner slaughter house workers do their occupation. Pathogenic micro-organism may be transferred to the carcases as described in the literature reappraisal, nevertheless the forces could be the most of import beginning for polluting the meat and the processing equipment. To cut down the degree of these micro-organisms at that place need to be the application of good hygiene and healthful processs. One of the cardinal factors in accomplishing such end is through the proper preparation of the forces with respects to the good hygienic patterns to be adopted in butchering and that the disposal should supply for the procurance of a nutrient animal trainer s certification ( medical certification ) for the employees, even though all the forces undergoes regular medical cheque ups.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

John Kay and His Impact on Weaving

John Kay and His Impact on Weaving In 1733, John Kay invented the flying shuttle, an improvement to weaving looms and a key contribution to the  Industrial Revolution. Early Years Kay was born on June 17, 1704,  in the  Lancashire  hamlet of  Walmersley. His  father Robert was a farmer and wool manufacturer.  Robert died before John was born   His mother was responsible for educating him until she remarried. John Kay was just a young man when he became the manager of one of his fathers mills. Kay developed skills as a machinist and engineer. He made many improvements to the machines in the mill. He  apprenticed with a  hand-loom reed  maker.  He designed a  metal substitute  for the natural reed that proved popular enough for him to sell throughout England.  After traveling the country, making and fitting wire reeds, he returned to his home and, on June 29, 1725, both he and his brother, William, married Bury women.   The Flying Shuttle The flying shuttle was an improvement to looms that enabled weavers to weave faster. The original shuttle contained a bobbin on to which the weft (weaving term for the crossways yarn) yarn was wound. It was normally pushed from one side of the warp (weaving term for the series of yarns that extended lengthways in a loom) to the other side by hand. Large looms needed two weavers to throw the shuttle. The flying shuttle was thrown by a leaver that could be operated by one weaver.  The shuttle was able to do the work of two people even more quickly.   In Bury, John Kay continued to design improvements to textile machinery; in 1730 he patented a  cording  and  twisting  machine for  worsted. In 1753, Kays home was attacked by textile workers who were angry that his inventions might take work away from them. Kay fled England for France where he died in poverty around 1780. Influence and Legacy of  John Kay Kays invention paved the way for mechanical power looms, however, the technology would have to wait another 30 years before a  power loom  was invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1787. John Kays son, Robert, stayed in  Britain,   and in 1760 developed the drop-box, which enabled looms to use multiple flying shuttles at the same time, allowing multicolor wefts. His son John had long lived with his father in France. In 1782 he provided an account of his fathers troubles to  Richard Arkwright, who sought to highlight problems with patent defense in a parliamentary petition. In the 1840s,  Thomas Sutcliffe  (one of Kays great-grandsons) campaigned to promote a  Colchester  heritage for Kays family. In 1846 he unsuccessfully sought a parliamentary  grant  for Kays descendants (in compensation for his ancestors treatment in England).  He was inaccurate in the details of his grandfathers  genealogy  and story, and his Fanciful and Erroneous Statements were discredited by John Lords detailed examination of  primary sources. In Bury, Kay has become a local hero: there are still several  pubs  named after him, as are the Kay Gardens.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Situational Analysis of the UK market for Clarks Shoes company Assignment

Situational Analysis of the UK market for Clarks Shoes company - Assignment Example Moreover, Clarks through its IT hub has managed to obtain customer engagement in that has helped the Company to gain a competitive edge against rival companies in the shoe industry. Clarks offers high quality products to the shoe market within competitive prices as they manufacture their shoes in Vietna (Chan 2011: 218). According to research, the improvement of living standards worldwide has allowed for increased consumer spending rates with an increase of professionals and their demand to dress the part. Remarkably, Clarks has utilized technology in many areas of its operations such as e trading and online retailing to boost its sales (Mort 2005: 57). Secure online transactions have made trading for Clarks to be easier and effective as it has grown to include home shopping. In order to achieve marketing segmentation success, Clarks must ensure that it breaks down its broad market that uses different avenues to access information. Lastly, will Clarks to continue to offer shoe variet ies for women, children, and men and which the Company intends to increase its consumer market Situational Analysis in Clarks Shoe company Introduction C. and J International Ltd. popularly known as Clarks Company is an international shoe company based in Britain with the company registering significant sales in shoes as at 2010. The company stands as the thirty-third largest privately owned enterprise in the UK whose ownership is by the Clark family with eighty-one percent while the remaining fraction belongs to employees and other stakeholders. As at 2011, the company had at least one thousand stores in a hundred and sixty countries worldwide. The company started operation in 1825 through the Clarks brothers namely Cyrus and James who started by making slippers from sheepskins, but evolved to become of the leading global shoe brands in Europe and in other continents. In recent times, Clarks shoes have gained popularity in Jamaica through a popular Jamaican artist to the extent tha t they sell out on shoe shops only for thieves to target them. The iconic shoe styles attached to Clarks Shoe Company include Wallabees, Desert Treks and Desert Boots with C & J Clark brands including Indigo, Artisan, Bostonian, Ravel shoes and K Shoes, among a list of many others. In terms of consumers, Clarks offers shoe varieties for women, and men and which the Company intends to increase its consumer market through renowned pop stars, print advertisements and through social media. The advertisement features that Clarks utilizes are through posts on glamorous magazines and on websites, but still maintaining its marketing ideals. The use of print ads is essential for Clarks Company because of their intent to reach out to a wider women consumer target because most of them read glamorous magazines. Presently, this company has an average of $800 million in turnover with the annual shoe sales amounting to thirty eight million pairs of shoes. Clarks has also grown in terms of product innovation to establish new generation active footwear from the old manufacture of professional boots. Task One: Situational Analysis In order for Clarks Company to compete in a global shoe market, its positioning of its various stores is

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

MIDTERM EXAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MIDTERM EXAM - Essay Example The framers of the Constitution, most notably James Madison advocated the interrelated and interdependent systems of values, political structures and political processes. These interconnected systems are the very essence of a democratic government which derives its authority from its people which consequently makes it a government by the people. With these, it likewise carries the responsibility of safeguarding liberty and the prevention of tyranny, which can be inferred in the Constitution itself. . When the Constitution speaks of values it refers to popular consent and personal liberty among others. The United States Constitution was passed to preserve individual liberties against the incursions by the government. This preservation of individual liberties is all enshrined to what is termed as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights is the set of prescriptions setting forth the fundamental civil and political rights of the individual; similarly, it imposes limitations on the power of government as a means of securing the enjoyment of the aforesaid rights. The Bill of Rights is distinctively designed to preserve the ideals of liberty, equality and security. The Bill of Rights is enshrined in the first ten amendments to the Constitution. With respect to political structures, the United States Constitution provides for the Separation of Power and the s... This is such, for the reason that no one branch had enough power to dominate the other. These branches of government were independent of each other, but necessitated to cooperate with each other to govern. In the Federalist No. 51, Madison wrote "the great security against a gradual concentration of several powers in the same department consists in giving those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others." And as such, the separation of power prevents a concentration of authority in one person or one group which might lead to an irreversible error or abuse in its exercise to the detriment of the democratic institution of the country. Such separation of powers is designed to secure actions, preclude over action, and prevent despotism and to achieve efficiency. On the other hand, the Principle of Checks and Balances is a system by which the Constitution provides each department certain powers by which it may definitely restrain the other branch form improvident action, which in so doing, maintains the balance among the branches of government and accordingly preserves the will of the sovereign as expressed in the constitution. Political Processes encompasses free and fair elections, majority rules and freedom of speech among others. The free and fair elections are manifested in the constitution wherein it is provided that as a republican government, it is incumbent upon the people to select their representatives who will make decisions for them. Election is a form of participation wherein people engage in political processes of shaping the government's authority. And it is through election

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Giving Advice on How Actors Should Play Their Role in Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Giving Advice on How Actors Should Play Their Role in Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet Essay You are going to write in role as Gregory Doran, the new artistic director of the Royal Shakespeare Company. You are going to give a lecture to the actors you have chosen to plsy Romeo, Benvolio and Mercutio. What advice would you give them about how and why they should act in Act 3 Scene 1? In Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo Juliet, Shakespeare raises the excitement and the tension throughout the scene by using dramatic tension between the characters, provocative and threatening dialogue, strong language effects, and sharp vital violence. The sudden, fatal violence in the first scene of Act 3, as well as the buildup to the fighting, serves as a reminder that, for all its emphasis on love, beauty, and romance, Romeo and Juliet still takes place in a masculine world in which notions of honor, pride, and status are prone to erupt in a fury of conflict. The viciousness and dangers of the play’s social environment are dramatic tools that Shakespeare employs to make the lovers’ romance seem even more precious and fragile—their relationship is the audience’s only respite from the brutal world pressing against their love. The scene begins with Mercutio continuously brushing off Benvolios advice as a peacekeeper to keep calm and he instead accuses Benvolio of being a hypocrite. This implies that Mercutio is very obstinate and is quick to cast suspicions and false accusations on others without much thinking. Mercutio accuses that Benvolio is just as violent and hot headed as him, Come, come, thou art as hot a Jack in thy mood as any in Italy, without any proof. This implies that Mercutio is the type of character to jump in head first and rarely listens to others advice. Later on in the scene, Benvolio exclaims By my head here come the Capulets upon Tybalts arrival, and to this Mercutio replies By my heel I care not. The phrase I care not notions that Mercutio does not see any problem in Tybalts arrival, which in turn means that he is intending on provoking a fight which accentuates that Clearly Mercutio is in an aggressive mood. Tybalt addresses Mercutio and Benvolio. â€Å" ‘Gentlemen, good den, a word with one of you’ † Up to this point, Tybalt is courteous – his quarrel is with Romeo, not with Benvolio or Mercutio. However Mercutio is extremely provocatice and he responds to Tybalt, asking a word with one of them with, â€Å"Make it a word and a blow.† The audience feels there is a fight in prospect. Which achieves Shakespeares purpose and intended effect. Mercutio is clearly being very confrontational in this scene, therefore, the actor should deliver his lines imposingly, loud and clear in a tone of anger. When Tybalt appears, he should spit his words and when provoking Tybalt, the actor should increase their volume and have a very irritated and aggressive facial expression by grinding his teeth. However, when imitating Tybalt and making a mockery out of him, his actions should be over the top. His movements at the beginning of the scene should reflect his provocative behaviour and therefore he should walk with big strides and a fast pace. As he is ignoring Benvolios advice, eye contact should be avoided up until the point that Mercutio accuses him. When this happens, the actor playing Mercution should suddenly stop to build up tension then turn around and point at Benvolio. Mercutios costume should be a red sleeveless shirt as r ed reflects aggression , with tattered and ripped pants if possible to emphasis his wild nature. Another option for the top is a leather jacket and piercings and metal studs as accessories to clearly showcase his obstinate and hot-headed personality. Romeo, by contrast, is as passionate about love as Tybalt and Mercutio are about hostility. Romeo appears, cheerful and contented with having wed Juliet only hours before, and unaware that hes even been challenged to a duel. Until Mercutio dies, Romeo remains emotionally distinct from the other characters in the scene. Romeo walks atop his euphoric cloud buoyed by blissful thoughts of marriage to Juliet, peace, unity, and harmony. In response to Tybalts attempts to initiate a fight, Romeo tells Tybalt that he loves thee better than thou canst devise. Ironically, Romeos refusal to duel with Tybalt brings about the very acceleration of violence he sought to prevent. When Romeo enters the scene, Tybalt and Mercutio are in the middle of a scuffle, he immediately tries to not be drawn into the fiery atmosphere and tries to keep calm. Doth much excuses the appertaining rage to such a greeting. The word excuse; was deliberately used by Shakespeare to convince the audience that Romeo is not interested in violence but rather peace and wellbeing of all are his best interests. While talking, Romeo should be very soft-spoken and not provocative in anyway. Eye contact should be avoided and eyes should be averted to the feet to show timidness and reluctance to fight. When Mercutio and Tybalt are about to fight, he even tries to persuade Mercutio to put thy rapier up. The fact that he asks his best friend to stop fighting instead of the opposing side shows that he is completely passive in violence and displays his desperation for peace. During the conflict, the actor playing Romeo should never retaliate but instead tolerate all hits or simply avoid them to depict his passive and peaceful nature. However, after Mercutio is injured and dies, his attitude should change completely and resemble that of Mercutios. Romeos behaviour should then be similar to Mercutios. While challenging Tybalt and fighting with him, the actor playing Romeo should show no hint compassion, a stern face and and clenched fists with a to reflect his change demeanor as stated in the book, A nd fire-eyed fury be my conduct now. After Tybalts death by his hands, Romeo should then retreat into confusion, reflecting on what he has done. Oh I am fortunes fool! The word fool suggests that Romeo admits that he was overwhelmed by anger and blind fury at that point in time and regrets being unable to control himself. Romeos costume should be very sophisticated after returning from his wedding with Juliet and therefore he should be well-groomed. During his battle with Tybalt, his clothes should then be torned and messy to symbolise his transition from a peaceful person into a murderer full of vengeance. Benvolio still maintains his status as a peacekeeper throughout the entire play, however, unlike romeo he totally does not involves himself in any conflict and always prefers to just watch form the side, and this can be interpreted in theatrical set-up to advice the actor playing Benvolio to never be the centre of attention on stage and to position himself either downstage, or centre stage right, but never centre sta ge. At the beginning of the scene he advices Mercutio to stop wandering around as to avoid a conflict, The day is hot and the Capels are abroad, And if we meet, we shall not scape a brawl. The phrase not scape conveys the impression that Benvolio does not like to attract much attention and be drawn into violent combat. This characteristic can be interpreted as cowardice, but also wisdom. Benvolio knows that if another brawl occurs between the two families, someone will be killed and therefore tries to plan in advance, trying to omit all possibilities of a fight happening. Benvolio is also not offended when Mercutio makes advances on him and accuses him of being a hypocrite which portrays him as a matured character. Benvolio replies with And what to? to Mercutios statement and this presupposes that he pays no heed to Mercutio because he thinks of him as a child but is only worried that he will start a fight which explains his concern on Mercutios hot-headed behaviour. While trying to convince Mercutio to stop with his combative and warlike behaviour, the Benvolios actor should be very insistent that Mercutio calm down but indifferent towards his insults to reflect his maturity. When Tybalt enters the stage, Benvolio plays a smaller part and should move away from the center-stage in the moments that lead up to the fight to indicate his cowardice and reluctance to participate in combat. Once he starts explaining to the Prince what had happened, Benvolio should still maintain his composure and calmly explain the situation because in Shakespeares original version of Romeo and Juliet, his explanation is long, but still contains the key details of the event, Tybalt, here slain, whose Romeos hand did slay†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Benvolio should wear a green shirt, as green resembles peace and is the colour of nature, hence life which is an accurate symbol of Benvolios tendency to avoid brawls and conflicts. I have picked out and analysed single words from Act 3 Scene 1, I have commented on how Shakespeare gets his message across and have started to develop an appreciation for the techniques that he uses. I have also given out advice on how the actors should deliver their lines, their facial expressions as well as physical gestures and their costumes.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Process Of Processing :: essays research papers

The Process of Processing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How do you process film? Well you're about to find out. The three main steps in processing film are rolling, developing, and fixing. Not many people know exactly how black and white thirty five millimeter film is processed. So if you don't, read this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First you start by rolling the film. You do this by turning out all the lights so it is completely dark in the room. Then you carefully smash the end of the film canister to release the actual film. Taking a spool from the counter, you gently thread the base of the spool with the end of your roll of film. Squeezing the film to give it a convex shape, you rotate the spool till all the film is on metal. That's the end of the first step.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second, you go get a liquid canister and place your roll in it closing the lid tightly. This must all be done without turning on the lights. If any light is released by anything in the room your film will be blurred. The main part of the next step is the first actual step of processing. Without removing the top of the can, fill the can with D-76, your processing chemical. The timer will be set for the correct length of time depending on the temperature of the room. Agitate for the first thirty seconds and then five seconds for every thirty seconds until the set time is up. Pour the D-76 into the sink. Do not pour it back into the original container.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Third, grab the fixer your second and final processing chemical. Fill the canister with it and repeat the agitation method in step number two for four minutes. Fixer is a chemical which coats film to give it a resistance to light. Without this there would be no point in steps one and two. After each agitation slam the canister on the counter to remove all bubbles from the film. Bubbles will cause your film to be splotchy. This would be bad. After your four minutes, pour fixer back into the container it came from.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Mathe N Science in English

TEACHING MATHES AND SCIENCE IN ENGLISH OR BAHASA MALAYSIA As I read through a lot of articles on teaching Mathematics and Science in English (The Star, New Straits Times and New Sunday Times), I found two major advantages of this education approach. The first advantage of teaching Mathematics and Science in English is to allow the students to play on global platform. English has now established itself as the most important language for trade as well as learning. That is why the exposure of English should be wider and more sufficient. LearningMathematics and Science is necessary as English is now spoken by 1. 8 million in all sectors especially accountancy and medical professions. Some reject the policy because of the poor performance of rural students, following an adherent stumbling block created. However, this has been discussed by Hashim Adnan, a president of National Union of Teaching Profession. He suggested that students should be taught subjects in English from a very early ag e, so nobody will be left behind. So, our government has done so by making learning English Grammar since students are in primary school.In fact, Science is introduced to fist year students of primary school to study in a very early age. Moreover, the subject is taught in English, as well as Mathematics. For example, in China, where people once had poor command of English, usage of the language was improving by leaps and bounce. It was not just happening in Vietnam where the schoolchildren were already conversation in English. This shows that learning English in especially universal subjects like Mathematics and Science would benefit the students as they will have to converse in English for at least several topics or labels in the subjects.Therefore, it is necessary to learn Mathematics and Science in English allows the students to stand on worldwide stage. What is amazing about being able to learn subjects in English is the students can cope with their further studies well especial ly in Science field. Hence, it is a significant advantage to learn Mathematics and Science in English. This strongly supported because a lot of feedback from previous students who were in era where Science and Mathematics were not taught in English. A numbers of interviews have been done involving many Malaysia students who are still now studying in several universities abroad.Most of them claimed that they feel regret because they did not have a chance to study Mathematics and Science in English. This is because most of them are now major studying in the field of Science; so, most of the reference books are written in English. Even though their English are good, they feel that it would be easier to cope the terms and labels of either Mathematics on Science during their first year if they have studied both subjects in English. Furthermore, it also helps them in their future career.If a local student is going to be a scientist, or at least work in medical professions, he cannot expla in the findings to the world as he does not know the knowledge of Scientific English. A businessman also needs to use the Mathematics terms in English, otherwise he possibly cannot expand to the outside world. Therefore, it is a very significant advantage to learn Mathematics and Science in English as the students can cope with their further studies well especially in medical sector. Therefore, Malaysians should accept this approach in order to face a lot more education barriers towards Vision 2020.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Easy to Learn Essay

Here are some interesting stories for all the god’s fan†¦. 1.Sachin was given a pair of pads by his cricket hero Sunil Gavaskar when he was a schoolboy – and he made his Test debut for India against Pakistan aged just 16-years old in 1989 wearing those very pads†¦.. 2.Like loads of other cricketers, Sachin is pretty superstitious – he’ll always put on his left pad before his right whenever he’s getting padded up†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3.â€Å"He hasn’t spent Diwali at home since we got married. But it really doesn’t matter that it’s Diwali†¦ any time he spends at home is great!† – Anjali, his wife, told once†¦ Once in a BBC interview when asked about his dream women, Sachin answered ‘my wife’ without batting an eyelid. 4.†He scored a fantastic 148 in Shane Warne’s debut Test in Sydney and then followed it up with another century at Perth, one of the toughest pitches in the world , where Indians have traditionally struggled. The value of his hundred increased because all the other Indian batsmen struggled. His weakness is the fact that he is so talented. His adrenaline pumps strongly when he walks out to bat with the noise of the crowds. You can’t hear yourself think with that noise. I would pay $1000 to watch Sachin bat. To score a 148 at Sydney – and that too when you are 18 — was out of the ordinary though the wicket was a lot like the ones you encounter in India, flat with lots of runs for the taking†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.† The above facts are told by Allan Border. 5.The entire cricket world is convinced of one thing : Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar is the world’s best batsman. Not just for his extraordinary skill, not just for his ability to tear even the most formidable of bowling attacks to shreds; but also for a rare never-say-die spirit, an insatiable hunger for runs and victory, a desire to dominate the opponent ; commitment, dedication †¦ These are what the little champion has built his reputation on. .. 6.Tendulkar was a person who would never show any disrespect to the national flag..He respects the national flag most and had even sought permission to use the tricolour on his helmet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ It’s not the riches or the records but the love for the game that keeps the world’s richest cricketer going day after day. It is his hard work, determination, temperament & dedication for the country that keeps him charged†¦. 7.Tendulkar, now in his eighteenth year in international cricket says, †I still play†¦ because I still love the game.† †I would like to clarify this. It’s not about records. It’s all about loving the game and enjoying being out there in the middle. That is extremely special to me and far bigger than breaking records or creating new ones.† †Creating records happens after you’ve gone on the cricket field, but you’ve got to find a reason to go on the cricket field, and for me the reason is very clear.† †From the age of three I’ve loved this sport and I’ve never thought about scoring the most number of centuries or runs in international cricket. Everyone enjoys breaking records, I’m enjoying it too, but that is not the reason for playing cricket.† â€Å"Whatever level you reach, getting better never stops†-Sachin. Tendulkar said †When I started playing, I always wanted to be regarded as one of the best and the idea was that when I stopped playing, people would remember my name. Being regarded as one of the best players is always a good feeling, and that drives you, it refuels you completely. You want to be on top of your game all the time and push yourself harder and harder. There’s a huge responsibility and it is a great challenge. I love that,† he added†¦.. 8.Some quotes by GOD himself†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ My big sister gave it to me after returning from a trip to Kashmir, which is known for its high-quality willows. It wasn’t the best bat, but it was like a piece of gold to me. I used to imagine myself batting for India, hitting fours and sixes, the people cheering. I used that bat until it broke .. I was the only one supporting John McEnroe — everyone used to call me â€Å"Mac† because I styled myself on him. I made my father buy me the same headbands and sweatbands and even grew my hair long. You wouldn’t believe the pictures of me from that time. I was also extremely naughty. Very, very difficult to handle. †¦I had a nanny who used to run after me virtually 24 hours a day, because I never wanted to go home My father, who died in 1999, was never a cricket fan, not at all. He was a writer and a poet: he taught Marathi, my mother tongue, at the local university. But he understood exactly how to get the best out of me. He always encouraged me and told my mother that he had full faith in me. It was probably reverse psychology, but as I got older I felt like I could not misuse that trust. He warned me against taking short cuts and told me to just keep playing, despite the ups and downs. My parents taught me that it is important to live every day of your life with grace and honour.When it came to choosing between cricket and going to university, he said: â€Å"You can play cricket, I know that is your first love, so go for it.† Of course, my parents were extremely happy when I became the youngest player to play for India, at 16. .. Cricket is something very, very special to me. It has never been about owning this or that car and the other things that come with this life.. An obsession with money or worldly matters was always thumbed down. My only dream was to wear the Indian cap and the Indian colours. In that respect, my childhood dreams have come true†¦.. Having children brings back all my old childhood memories, wonderful years. Now, every minute is measured and calculated. I still dream — without dreams, life is flat, you stagnate. I don’t go to the temple every morning, but I do pray. I thank God for everything he has given me, because life has been very good to me. 9.Chappell should remember how Tendulkar has achieved his greatness and carried the weight of expectations of a billion people since the age of 16, Jadeja said. He added â€Å"When tendulkar enters the field, the crowd says-SACHIN! SACHIN! This is something what every cricketer wants†.. Sachin Tendulkar, the brightest star in the world of cricket has achieved his greatest prices with his intellectual and skilful cricketing brains.. SACHIN dreamt a world of superstars and great triumph and he achieved it.. At the age of 10 he walked to the field at 6 am with a cricket bag bigger than him for the practice. At the age of 11 he moved with his paternal uncle to get trained in cricket by the most renowned coach Ramakanth Achrekar. .. 10.Billions of hearts weep†¦..on the day when Sachin (GOD) retire. Indians wish that day never comes. It would be one of the most disappointing days of our life. Ever since Indians started watching cricket, it was Sachin, Sachin & only Sachin who made them feel cricket so special. Sachin is only responsible for making cricket a religion in India. They haven’t experienced watching cricket without Sachin. Whether he was injured/rested, there was always a ray of hope that he comes back to team soon. But after retirement, he will never be backing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..If anyone wants to achieve anything in life, Sachin is the best example for them. I feel most people find it hard to digest that Sachin will no more be a part of Indian cricket†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.on that day, isn’t it? JUST imagine that day, when Sachin plays his last game. He comes to bat for the last time, and everybody in the stadium claps & the chants of SACHIN!!! came for the last time after he gets out, while walking back to the pavilion, the entire crowd gives him a stand awaition. Many of them will be in tears, millions of eyes wet watching their hero play for the last time. An era ends. The end of a legend came†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..The bond between every generation breaks. Would you miss Sachin a lot? I think most of people would say â€Å"YES†. The saddest day of Indian cricket- when genius retires†¦LOVE YOU SACHIN!!! 11.From the early 90s to the early years of the new millennium represented the decade of Brian Lara, Richardson, Martin Crowe, Steve and Mark Waugh, Mathew Hayden, Inzamam-ul-Haq, Gary Kirsten and Rahul Dravid. But there can be any doubt that the No.1 batsman in the world for a decade now has been Master Blaster, Sachin Tendulkar. . But figures, however important they may be, are something that Tendulkar’s achievement should not be measured by. He should be judged by the manner of his batting & that is what Bradman did. Symbolized by Sir Bradman naming him in his dream team of all time. The team in which Tendulkar is the only Indian player. He has scored runs on slow pitches of the subcontinent, fast tracks of West Indies, bouncy wickets in Australia and South Africa and in whirling conditions in New Zealand and England. The thought of having Tendulkar as an opponent gives bowlers bad dreams. No batsman has inflicted such psychological damage to bowlers at any time in the world like Tendulkar did to Shane Warne!!!(Warne said Tendulkar is my nightmare). His technique is so well organized that he is able to encounter any delivery with ease and comfort, giving the impression of having all the time in the world to play the stroke, the hallmark of the greatest of batsmen.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Coles and Woolworths Case Study Essays

Coles and Woolworths Case Study Essays Coles and Woolworths Case Study Paper Coles and Woolworths Case Study Paper 1. The key to Woolworths’ faster growth than Coles Myers may be attributed to several reasons, one of them being its emphasis on diversification which saw it enter markets such as petrol. Woolworths offered everyday low price (EDLP) on established brands, a strategy akin to Wal-Mart in the United States which presents a competitive advantage against Coles Myers’ Kmart and Target divisions which maintained a ‘high-low’ pricing strategy. Woolworths CEO Roger Corbett who had prior experience with the management of Wal-Mart chain in the US, implemented ‘Project Refresh’ in 1999 to restructure the company’s supply chain, and to introduce new technology and the EDLP structure to its supermarkets. Furthermore, Woolworths’ success in entering the petrol-retailing sector resulted in its ability to capture valuable market share six years before Coles Myers responsive entry into the segment. Woolworths’ managed to present itself as The Fresh Food People which typified an esprit de corps, providing marketing triumph over Coles which were already behind as reflected by its ‘second mover’ status. Woolworths’ ability to retaliate to competitive actions consistently positions the company in direct competition. In order to maintain market commonality, under high likeliness of attack, Woolworths acquired Dan Murphy’s chain of liquor stalls in response to Coles Myers acquisition of Theo’s liquor chain in 2003. In addition, Woolworths is able to maintain a competitive edge as its implementation of the EDLP strategy forced Coles Myer to cut its prices as a competitive necessity. However, Woolworth’s ability to minimise its supply chain costs as a result of ‘Project Refresh’ enabled the company to maintain greater margins in the price war. Woolworths’ ability to retaliate to competition by Coles Myers move into the petrol market is further elaborated in the equity joint venture with Caltex. Woolworths’ constant bid at differentiation from Coles Myers as observed from Corbett’s innovative plan to integrate fully stocked pharmacies in supermarkets is another asset which facilitates Woolworths’ growth rate over Coles Myers. 2. Yes, however it depends not only on Coles Myers ability to respond to Woolworths’ competitive actions. But also its ability to innovate ahead of competition; to shed its ‘second mover’ status. While this may seem like a daunting task given Woolworths earlier realisation of success from ‘Project Refresh’, market commonality and resource similarity of the food and general merchandise sector ensure competition may be levelled out with less difficulty, in addition to this, Coles Myers had an advantage in terms of resource similarity against Woolworths in that the company’s new Source credit card could differentiate itself from Woolworths by offering full credit card capability along with a long-standing and valued rewards program. Furthermore, Fletcher has already begun the shift towards the reduction in costs incurred with logistics and supply chain solutions by the enforcement of just-in-time (JIT) production upon its 65000 suppliers, reduction of distribution centres from 41 to 24, implements improved technology, and streamline deliveries to stores. In detail, Fletcher unveiled plans directed at long term growth with the strategies designed to pressure suppliers into adopting the same IT systems that Coles Myers uses in its warehouses and stores so that it can build a more efficient e-trading platform. Fletcher expects to invest approximately $800 million over the next years in order to successfully implement this cost-cutting strategy. This resulted in some success as reflected by its sales which at $27 billion was marginally ahead of Woolworths’. Share price rose 29 percent by August 2003 after competitive responses were implemented; this would provide Coles Myers with additional resources for growth and instil greater consumer confidence in the company already present in its’ competitor’s image of The Fresh Food People. 3. The key differences between New Zealand and Australian retail markets would be the size, likelihood of attack and response to market entrants, of which Australia maintains a history of retaliation against newcomers. A competitor analysis show that both Australian and New Zealand markets are somewhat related in terms of technologies used or core competencies needed to develop a competitive advantage. For example, The Warehouse’s strategy of under pricing competitors is similar to Woolworths’ EDLP strategy; this presents itself as a factor of market commonality. In terms of suppliers, political differences play a role as observed from the New Zealand legislation allowing parallel importing which contributed to the success of The Warehouse in its ability to import branded goods from international suppliers at prices cheaper than local brand distributors. This privilege may not be exploited in Australian market where both legislative barriers and customers avoid imported products in favour of local goods in a highly protectionist environment. The differences in terms of competitive dynamics is exemplified in Australia, which is seen as a standard-cycle market, due to the duopolistic nature of Coles Myers and Woolworths, and the constant need to issue competitive attacks and responses to stay ahead. While The Warehouse had a dominant position in the New Zealand market giving it a monopoly over retail and thus conditioning it to react as if it were a slow-cycle market in the sense that the firm’s competitive advantage are shielded from imitation for long periods of time and imitation is costly. Australian companies have prior knowledge of the market and therefore have an understanding of competitor’s awareness, motivation, and ability. In conjunction with market commonality and resource similarity. The difference in competitive rivalry as a result of the duopolistic structure in Australia as opposed to the monopolistic background of The Warehouse would mean that Australian firms would be more able to issue competitive response due to the frequent need to fend off competitor’s competitive actions. 4. In addition one may argue that because of the lack of competition within the New Zealand domestic market, The Warehouse may be experiencing a slow-cycle market where the firm’s competitive advantage are shielded from imitation for extended periods. Thus these competitive advantages sustained in a slow cycle market may not hold on long in the standard-cycle Australian market where Woolworths and Coles Myers have already built brand name, customer loyalty and consistency among local Australians in advance to The Warehouse entry. This presents a case of actor’s reputation where The Warehouse may not have as strong a fanfare as it enjoys in its home country. Nevertheless, there are low switching costs for customers and the eventual advantage Australian companies enjoy as a result of reputation may be gradually eroded. Another factor which would prevent The Warehouse group from matching its success in New Zealand is the likelihood of attack, Woolworths’ and Coles Myers enjoy first mover incentives within the Australian market, even so, first mover advantages are never absolute, and being the late mover in the mature Australian retail market has its advantages of observation. While The Warehouse group may be a big company in New Zealand, Australia presents a wholly different scale as observed from he combined sales of Woolworths and Coles Myers at A$55 billion. This difference in organisational size mean that smaller firms like The Warehouse are more likely to be nimble and flexible competitors which rely on speed and surprise to develop competitive actions. However, large Australian firms are likely to initiate more frequent competitive actions within set periods. This would place The Warehouse at a disadvantage due to its comparatively limited available resources. While the biggest impact for customers of The Warehouse had been on prices, therefore enabling the company to enjoy profiting from discount variety stalls which are filling the gap as Australian companies lose mass-market appeal as a result of up scaling target markets. Ultimately, given the duopoly status of Woolworths and Coles Myers in Australia, it would be a great challenge for The Warehouse to match its success in New Zealand any time soon as activities such as the recent acquisition of Clint-Solly will prevent immediate returns as observed from figures in the case.